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THE BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS | 
OR. THE | : 
ca erecta eg sear ee a roe ee 2 
_ UNITED LUTHERAN CHURCH IN AMERICA = 
aa ii 2 er : = : ! $s ; a 
. Me. a at “ 1a Roost ee ome es Re = 
ie 15 cents a copy. — More than one copy to the same a 
address, 10 cents a copy- = 
HU 0T8 Tl! iii iit ntTTTTANKTTNAKN RI ATTNKaNRRNKNRIES . 
g: : =; = 








Bea Po eles ABROAD 


OUR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
IN 


i einer tA, SNE SOU LE vAMERIGA 





By the Secretaries 


CHARLES L. BROWN 
GEORGE DRACH 
LULA ERSBS WOLER 


Hees ERATE |) 


Lift up your eyes and look on the fields, for they 
are white already to harvest. John 4:35. 


OOMPLIMENTS OF 


THE;BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS OF THE UNITED,LUTHERAN CHURCH 
IN AMERICA 
601 Cathedral Street, BALTIMORE, MD. 


1926 


(In Making Wills, use the Corporate Name) 


New Missionaries—1920 





REV. W. F. ADOLPHSEN MRS. W. F. ADOLPHSEN 
India India 





REV. HARRY GOEDEKE 
India 





India 





MISS ELEANOR A. LANGE MISS ANNIE POWLAS 
India Japan 


New Missionaries—1920 





REV. JENS LARSEN MRS. JENS LARSEN 
Africa Africa 





CayHe NIELSEN, M.D. MRS. €: H. NIELSEN 
Africa Africa 





REV. MEADE A. RUGH MRS. MEADE A. RUGH 
British Guiana British Guiana 





MULTITUDES BATHING IN THE GANGES RIVER STRIVING TO 
WASH AWAY THEIR SINS 





BURNING GHAT, BENARES, INDIA 


Notice the funeral pyre at the edge of the water. The waters of the Ganges river 
are supposed to be holy beyond measure for the living, dying and dead. 





TRAINED ELEPHANT CARRYING A LOG 





TELUGU FIREWOOD CARRIERS 





THE “ZOE” 
A NATIVE PATH IN LIBERIA, AFRICA 
She is the head of the Women’s Secret Society 


Missionaries use this path to interior stations. Called Mi nemGre! Grom dey ai nan hacia one 





A NATIVE LIBERIAN HUNTER 


LIBERIAN CARRIERS LOADED FOR THE 


PATH The charms hanging from his neck are sup- 
This is the only way the missionary can trans- posed to prevent harm from evil spirits. 
port his goods. 





TORII ENTRANCE TO MIYAJIMA TEMPLE, JAPAN 





IMAGE OF BUDDHA DAIKOKU, GOD OF LUCK IN JAPAN 





JAPANESE IDOL, WITH SIGN INDICATING OFFERINGS 


| 
e 
id 
& 
‘ 
* 
3 





REV. N. YAMANOUCHI IN HIS STUDY 


FOREWORD 


‘7. ‘HE United Lutheran Church in America joined in one organi- 
zation 45 synods, 2700 ministers, 3700 congregations and 775,000 
church members. This organization, on November 14-18, 1918, 


in New York City, created one Board to administer all the for- 
eign missions of the uniting bodies. The common task embraces 


six mission fields in five foreign countries: India; Japan; Liberia, 
Africa; British Guiana and Argentina, South America. 

The descriptions of these Missions have been written by the Sec- 
retaries of the Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran 
Church in an endeavor to present our foreign mission work as a 
common obligation, demanding the full strength of our united effort. 

Our most productive fields are in India, where the American Lu- 
theran Church began its foreign mission work seventy-seven years 
ago. The Guntur Mission in India is our oldest and most fruitful 
field. Next in size and nearly as old is the Rajahmundry Mission 
in the same country. The fields in Africa and Japan, each in its 
own way, promises rich harvests for the kingdom of God. The 
Missions in South America are still unfamiliar to many of our con- 
stituency. One of them, the Mission in Buenos Ayres, Argentina, 
was transferred to our care after the merger. The other has a his- 
tory of 175 years. The smaller fields must be strengthened and en- 
larged; the larger fields must be developed to the full measure of 
their opportunities. 

The Board of Foreign Missions is anxious to gain the loyal 
support of every part of the United Lutheran Church for every 
one of its mission fields. It desires the intelligent and increasing 
cooperation of every member of our Church in the common for- 
eign mission task. With this end in view it publishes this illustrated 
pamphlet. 

May He who gave us the great commission to disciple the na- 
tions and Who promised to be with us in our endeavor to carry it 
out, add His blessing to our work and make this pamphlet His in- 
strument for the development of greater foreign mission interest and 
the performance of better foreign mission service in our United Lu- 


theran Church in America! 
GEORGE DRACH. 


. eres | 
~ > 
‘aie 


INDIA 


HIS Land of Culture and the Home of Religions must com- 
al mand the attention and study of everyone. Its sacred books 
warrant us in claiming for it an historic place, next to Egypt 
and China. Even a brief study of the “Land of Ind” is sure to 
awaken a desire to learn more of this wonderland of “story and song”. 
Its peoples are the result of past invasions. When our Aryan an- 
cestors came down through the Himalaya passes, they found the 
aboriginal tribes in the land. By conquest and superior culture, they 
subdued them. Their great national poems show clearly, how the 
Aryan invaders dealt with the ancient dwellers cf the land, and how 
in turn these invaders became divided into great social castes,— 
priest, warrior, and merchant, together with the agricultural classes 
and a vaste horde of outcastes, whose social condition depended on 
those above and around them, and on the work they did in the 
community. Religion and philosophy, entering into the whole frame 
work gradually developed a most complex form of society. 

Hindu civilization is at once the most remarkable and interesting. 
For centuries great dynasties held sway from the North to the 
South, and the sciences flourished-under the patronage of rich and 
powerful kings. 

Chandragupta, contemporaneous with Alexander the Great, may 
be noted as one who greatly influenced India’s civilization. From 
the rise of Buddha to the beginning of the Christian era, more re- 
liable historical data are available. Asoka, his great descendant, 
made Buddhism the religion of the State in 263 B. C., and pub- 
lished his “Religion of Humanity’, in edicts carved on stone pillars. 
During this time, Greek influence began to penetrate India. Hindu- 
ism was greatly modified by Buddhism. Buddhism was superseded 
by modified Hinduism, and the later in all its ancient forms, with 
its Puranic excrescences, its philosophical culture, and rationalism, 
as well as its gross idolatry is now in final struggle with Him 
whose conquering arm will not fail, until He, and He alone shall 
reign in all lands, and be crowned Lord of all. 

The book that modern Hindus follow most is the code of Manu. 
It is based on the social laws in vogue in the past, and adheres to 
Vedic sacrifices. It is not committed to idol worship, and was pre- 
pared and compiled to meet Buddhism. 

‘The great epoch of Hindu history embraces the first 800 years 
of Christian history. Vikramaditya the Great, among the kings and 
great literary lights like Kalidasa, arose and set forth the best in 
Hindu thought and science. Then followed the dark ages, until the 
rise of new political powers and the beginning of the new infusion 
of culture under Mohammedan rulers, followed in turn by European 
influence and modern India. 


12 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


Modern India is characterized by a further mixture of all races. 
Its civilization is the result of a combination of many forms of 
culture. Its religious life is compounded of early Hinduism, Bud- 
dhism, Mohammedanism, and later Hinduism with faint touches of 
early Christianity and an admixture of Animism, or aboriginal na- 
ture worship and fetichism. 

Nationally—India is a mixture of tribal elements, familiarly called 
“Hill Tribes”, because they receded from the plains to the moun- 
tains before the superior invader, Aryans, Parseges, Persians, and a 
modern development, the issue of all these commingling strains, so 
that it is difficult to determine the exact race characteristic in many 
instances. The Aryan is the most dominant, followed by the Parsee 
or Persian as a good second, with a vast underlying class of Dravidian 
and subordinate elements. 

Socially—the land presents the most rigid form of society, known 
to the world—the caste system, a development of Hinduism from 
the time of the Aryan invader. This system like an octupus has 
laid hold of every unit that composes India’s social life, and in 
greater or less degree, left its impress on all. The Mohammedan 
element has been markedly affected by it, and it will be a wonder 
if even Christianity escapes it! 

Governmentally,—India is ruled by the King-Emperor of the 
British Isles. It forms one of the fairest parts of his Empire. A 
viceroy, or governor-general, is appointed by the Crown. 

‘He presides over a Council composed of European and Indian mem- 
bers. The country is divided generally, for administrative purposes, 
into Presidencies and Provinces, over each of which is set a gov- 
ernor, or lieutenant governor, who holds office for five years, under 
Crown appointment. These provinces are again divided into districts 
presided over by a judge, on the judicial side, and a collector on 
the revenue side. The districts are sub-divided into lesser units for 
administration purposes. 

Education, railroads, canals, forestry, sanitation, the salt and 
abkari, and the police, are directed by bureaus, over which well- 
trained Europeans and Indians preside with a vast army of petty 
officials under their direction. It may safely be claimed that In- 
dia is the most perfect and effective bureaucracy: in the world, and 
has worked out economic, social, industrial, educational and agri- 
cultural problems of India—in fact, all its many problems, in a 
most efficient manner, in the interests of the people and for the ad- 
vancement of civilization. 

The habits and customs of modern India are a very interesting 
study. The vast majority of the people live in villages. This was 
made necessary in former times, by the unsettled condition of the 
country. The simple houses of the lower classes and farmers, that 
compose over 50 per cent. of the population, bespeak the poverty of 
the people, and furnish a fruitful soil for the frequent famines, which 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 13 


occur, when rains fail and crops are ruined. In Hindu houses of the 
masses, there are few comforts, and no luxuries. They are fur- 
nished with a simplicity in marked contrast with our American homes. 
They can get along comfortably in their homes without chairs, ta- 
bles, knives, forks, spoons, and a thousand and one things, which 
we use every day; and yet, they are civilized and, while they eat with 
their fingers, their art of cooking is a surprise to everyone. Even 
a bed it not always in evidence, and Mother Earth furnishes the 
most used couch. The higher classes of Hindus are vegetarian, 
and only the lower and the Mohammedan, eat flesh and fish. The 
killing of cattle is a great offense to the Hindu,*and the meat-eat- 
ing foreigner and Mohammedan are anathema to him. 

Their farming implements are most primitive. The moderni- 
zation of farming methods yet waits to be undertaken. In the 
great deltas of the rivers rice is cultivated in great quantities; 
while in the uplands, the dry crops are planted in the same crude way, 
in which their ancestors farmed 1,000 years before Christ. 

In the large towns and cities, up to recent times, no industries 
or manufactories existed. Everything raised was sent out of the 
land and the finished goods came back to be sold. A change is slowly 
coming and within recent times the manufacturing of goods is be- 
ginning. | 

India has 150 languages and dialects. All the chief ones are re- 
duced to scientific form, with alphabet, grammar, and a consider- 
able literature. 

Our Mission fields lie in the Telugu area, within the Madras Pres- 
idency, in South India. Telugu is called the Italian of the East, and 
is spoken by about 20,000,000 people. 


L. B. Wo.r. 




















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RENTACHINTALA 


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THE GUNTUR MISSION FIELD, INDIA 





MISSIONARIES AT GUNTUR, INDIA, 1919 











WOMAN’S HOSPITAL, GUNTUR 





MISSIONARY S BULLOCK BANDY USED IN TOURING 





A BETTER MODE OF TRAVELING 
Dr. Eleanor B. Wolf Starting to Visit Patients. 





STREET PREACHING IN FRONT OF HINDU TEMPLE 





SYLVANUS STALL MEMORIAL GIRLS’ HIGH SCHOOL, GUNTUR 


THE GUNTUR MISSION 


HE Guntur field lies on the East Coast, along the Bay of Bengal, 
ni and on the South bank of the Kristna River. Its area is roughly 

about 100 miles long, by 60 miles wide. Our Mission is known 
among Missions as the Guntur Mission. It has 77 years of history back 
of it, and was founded by the Rev. C. F. Heyer, in 1842, Founders’ 
Day being July 31st. The operations of the Mission are confined to 
the Guntur and parts of the Kurnool, and Nellore Districts. Be- 
sides the Hindus in the field, Mohammedans are found in consid- 
erable numbers. 

The Mission maintains the Evangelistic, the Educational, the Med- 
ical, and the Industrial branches of work and endeavors to reach 
all classes. The methods of the Mission have been justified by its 
past experience and success. The Industrial department has not yet 
been largely developed. But certain institutions have done consid- 
erable work in this department. 

The Evangelistic effort is the first in importance and for it all 
other methods exist. The Educational, Medical, and Industrial are 
each only a means to an end, namely, to make the Gospel more 
effectively known. 

The most effective method of evangelization is the combination of 
the village school, in its teaching and preaching of the Gospel. Our 
schools are not primarily established for education, but are main- 
tained to furnish a fruitful soil for evangelization. The same is 
true of the Medical and Industrial departments of the Mission. The 
Medical is most helpful as it opens up the hearts of the people 
by the kindly ministrations of the physician, thus making a way 
for the entrance of the Gospel message. 

The preaching and teaching of the Gospel in town and village are 
carried on by a large band of teachers and preachers, nearly all of 
whom are unordained. The village congregations form the centers 
for the school-work; while the rising church furnishes the spiritual 
force in the evolution of the Indian church. Eventually, the Mis- 
sion must recede and the Christian church, self-governing, self-sup- 
porting, and self-propagating, must occupy the central place. 

At the center of all this process in Mission endeavor stands the 
missionary. He is only and in the best sense a superintendent in 
spiritual things, and does his best work when he releases the power 
of the Christian church which he has organized, and sets to work 
its native leaders, and gives them his counsel and encouragement. 

The Mission aims to reach all classes through its schools and 
college, hospital, and home-work, so leavening the whole commun- 
ity. It overlooks neither physical, moral, spiritual, or even economic 
needs, but tries to meet all, so as to make real, the broad purposes 
of the Gospel, to uplift and bless the whole man. The native Chris- 


20 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


tian congregation is the end to be attained, and the congregations 
organized into such forms as best to suit the genius of the peo- 
ple, is the last step toward an Indian church. 

The institutions of love and mercy, all have their place and a 
large one in the development of the Kingdom of God in India, but 
the congregation must eventually: become the center, not only of spir- 
itual life and power, but the disseminating agent of the Gospel to the 
unevangelized. | 

The Mission’s equipment consists in bungalows, the residences of 
the foreign missionaries and the centers of the mission’s activities, 
hospitals and dispensaries, school-houses and churches, and the edu- 
cational establishments for the training of school teachers and Chris- 
tian workers. At the head of the educational work is the Guntur 
College, and the Theological school. 

No part of this equipment can be said to be adequate, but it is in 
course of being improved to-help in the mighty task of training work- 
ers to make known the Gospel to India’s millions. A systematic ef- 
fort is now on foot to establish training schools of a lower grade 
at various centers, so as to multiply our teaching and evangelistic 
agencies. In these so called boarding schools the Mission proposes to 
raise up the greatly needed Christian workers of all grades and from 
them to select and train a Christian ministry to which the Church 
shall look for spiritual nourishment, and which shall become the 
ultimate evangelizing power in the land, among the unreached mil- 
lions. 

The Mission has an effective organization. It needs a larger 
foreign staff of missionaries to make it more influential. It is, how- 
ever, raising up a body of Christian workers, that is being organ- 
ized into an ecclesiastical form, so as effectively to meet the needs 
of a self-governing church. The Guntur Synod has for a decade, 
in an humble way been laying the foundations of an India Lu- 
theran Church, in this part of the land, and more and more, the 
people are assuming the responsibility of the Gospel. The mis- 
sionaries’ chief work is to train and equip the Indian Christian 
to undertake the tasks of the church in and for his own land and 
people. | 

Because of peculiar social conditions, the activity of the woman 
missionary has a great field for effective work. In a thousand 
ways her ministry is far more acceptable than that of the opposite 
sex. Doors fly open that have long remained closed when the woman 
worker and sister comes and knocks. The exercise of her healing 
art is most welcome, her kindly sympathy in all the intimate human 
relations of life, with her Eastern sister and her readiness to help 
in every hour of need, make her a mighty factor in India’s up-lift 
and evangelization. 

From the first, this ministry has been exerted through the wives 
of the missionaries, but for the last forty years, single women have 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 21 


answered the call of this peculiar field of opportunity, presented es- 
pecially by Hindu and Mohammedan life and institutions. Their 
efforts have been greatly blessed, and an abundant harvest has been 
reaped. 

The equipment of our Guntur woman’s department consists of two 
hospitals and dispensaries, bungalows, and schools of all grades, 
nurses’ homes and normal schools, boarding schools, and a net-work 
of elementary schools for the better classes. The home-work in 
connection with all this makes them an effective force among the 
women of the complex Hindu community. They are engaged in 
building into one and the same church those who are being called 
from the great mass into the fellowship of Christ. 

Our medical work calls for special attention. Three hospitals ex- 
ist. The best equipped is at Guntur; the second, at Chirala; and a 
third, at Rentichintala. The possibilities of this medical work can- 
not be exaggerated, but there must be more than one American 
doctor at each one to make them effective. Here the call is very 
loud for recruits. The first two hospitals are for women and chil- 
dren, and are in charge of women physicians; the last is for both sexes 
and all classes of the community. 

The Guntur College is the only Lutheran institution of this grade 
in India. It is affiliated with the Madras University, and its degrees 
are received from this University. Its curriculum covers a two 
years’ course, but plans are afoot to open a four years’ course. 
Only one American missionary is engaged in this institution. He 
should have at least four associates. 

The Mission conducts a high school work for both boys and girls 
and our Stall High School is one of the best equipped, outside of 
the City of Madras. Our Diamond Jubilee Fund recently raised 
among the churches is intended to place our educational work upon 
a firm basis, and to give it the needed equipment. 


A brief summary of results is here in place. The baptized mem- 
bers of the church number 59,343, of whom 20,918 are communi- 
cants, or a little more than one-third‘the baptized membership. There 
are 5,648 inquirers who are under instruction for baptism. In the 
schools of all grades, there are 14,345. About half of these are non- 
Christian children. There are, hence, 138,258 adults and children 
who are candidates for Christian baptism, or who are under. Chris- 
tian instruction. What a great opportunity is thus presented for 
the Christian school! The native evangelistic and teaching force 
at work is 1,019, the American and European workers, who direct all 
departments of the Mission, number only 43, of whom 11 are or- 
dained missionaries, 10 women missionaries, and 9 wives of mission- 
aries. There are 13 European and Eurasian workers employed by 
the Mission. 

The Gospel has taken hold in 952 villages, and in these villages 
714 congregations have been organized. 


22 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


The India workers of all grades, 1,119 in number, deserve special 
mention. Of this number, 15 are ordained Indian pastors, 37 are 
Conference supervisors, 239 are catechists, 5 are village school super- 
visors, 9 are helpers and evangelists, and 60 are Bible Women. It 
is easily seen what a vast work the direction and supervision of the 
Mission must demand of our American missionaries. The control 
of all the institutions of the Mission at the head of which an Amer- 
ican missionary usually must be placed, is an additional responsi- 
bility of our small force. It is evident there must be more super- 
vision. Our hospitals must have more doctors, if we are to properly 
perform our tasks and reap the vast harvest that is within our reach. 

L. B. WOLF. 






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RAJAHMUNDRY MISSION FIELD, INDIA 





MISSIONARIES AT RAJAHMUNDRY, 1919 












HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN, RAJAHMUNDRY, INDIA 


AGERPER?  MRRAP RETEST EY 
RAGE: : 


anv sede eee 


BOARDING SCHOOL FOR 








CHRISTIAN GIRLS, RAJAHMUNDRY 


BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL, PEDDAPUR 





MISS WEISKOTTEN TEACHING HER HELPERS A BIBLE LESSON 





BOARDING SCHOOL FOR CHRISTIAN BOYS AT LUTHERGIRI, RAJAHMUNDRY 





MISSION SCHOOL HOUSE IN A GROVE OF PALM TREES 

















MISSION SCHOOL TEACHERS JEGURUPAD CHAPEL AND SCHOOL HOUSE 





MISS ESBERHN AND GRADUATES OF TRAINING SCHOOL FOR BIBLE 
WOMEN AT RAJAHMUNDRY 


THE RAJAHMUNDRY MISSION: 


THE COUNTRY AND THE PEOPLE 


HE Rajahmundry Mission is located in the country of the 
an Telugus, four hundred miles by rail north of the city of Madras, 

India. Two great rivers, the Godavery and the Kistna, flow 
through the Telugu country and empty into the bay of Bengal. The 
Guntur mission field lies south of the Kistna river and the Rajah- 
mundry mission field along the banks of the Godavery river. It 
is called the Rajahmundry Mission because the head station of the 
Mission is Rajahmundry, a city of fifty thousand inhabitants, once 
the seat of a powerful Hindu rajah or prince. Rajahmundry is a 
center of Telugu culture and literature, as well as of considerable 
trade and industry. 

The Telugus are Dravidians who, compared with the Aryan races 
of North India, have a darker complexion, longer heads, more irregu- 
lar features and are shorter in stature. Closely related to them are 
the Tamils who live to the South and among whom the first Lu- 
theran Mission was begun over two hundred years ago, when Ziegen- 
balg and Pluetschau founded the Danish-Halle Mission at Tranquebar. 

The Telugu country is a tropical country lying between the thir- 
teenth and twentieth degrees, north latitude, on a line with Central 
America and the islands of Jamaica, Hayti and Porto Rico. The 
thermometer rarely falls below 65 degrees Fahrenheit during the three 
or four months of the cool season from October to February. In 
March the heat increases and the hot season continues until the lat- 
ter part of June, when the southwest monsoon or trade-winds bring 
on the rainy season. In May and June the thermometer often rises 
to 110 degrees and more in the shade. Tropical fruits and products 
abound in the rich land of the Godavery delta. Rice, sugar, cotton and 
indigo are extensively raised. The ordinary food of the people is 
rice or some form of millet. The monthly expenses of a family of 
middle class Telugus is about fifteen rupees or about five dollars, 
though many of the poorer classes live on half as much. 

Ninety per cent. of the population lives in towns and villages 
which, although differing in size, do not vary much in general ap- 
pearance. The houses of the middle and lower classes are small, 
gloomy, unattractive mud huts with thatched roofs and practically 
no furniture. They are scarcely more than sheds for the protec- 
tion of man and beast from the sun and rain. A few brass pots 
and plates, cups and mugs, earthenware water-jars and a knife or 
two are the ordinary household utensils. The cultivated land around 
the villages is usually owned by absentee landlords, called zemindars, 
to whom the farm laborers are often in actual bondage. The tools 
and methods of agriculture and of the various crafts are crude and 
primitive. 


28 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


TELUGU WOMEN 


The lot of the woman in India is sad and deplorable. She has 
no social standing or religious destiny apart from her husband. The 
greatest misfortune that can befall a woman, in the opinion of the 
natives, is to remain unmarried. While a marriage is not legally 
consummated before the age of twelve years, many girls are mar- 
ried before they reach that age. The daughter marries the man 
whom her parents chose for her while she was still an infant. 
Usually the choice is based on a satisfactory financial arrangement, 
the object of which is to make the disposal of the daughter as pro- 
fitable to her parents as possible. After the wedding the wife is 
usually taken to the home of her parents-in-law and is subject to 
her mother-in-law. If the man or boy, whom the girl is to marry, 
dies before marriage takes place, the girl is declared to be a widow 
to whom any other marriage is forbidden. She is regarded as the 
property of the ones who were to have been her parents-in-law. There 
are hundreds of thousands of these so called child-widows in India. 


Among certain castes women are secluded in zenanas or women’s 


apartments, to which no man outside of the family circle is ever 
admitted. Zenana women shun publicity and can be effectively 
reached with the Gospel only by women missionaries. 


RELIGION OF THE TELUGUS 


The religion of the Telugus is an almost indefinable composite of 
gross idolatry, superstitious nature worship, mystical philosophy, low 
moral standards, foolish religious ceremonies, strange customs and 
a tyrannical caste system. There are more idols worshipped in 
India (830,000,000) than the total population of the country, which 
is 315,000,000. Temples and shrines of the gods are to be found 
everywhere, in the streets of the towns and villages, along the pub- 
lic highways and paths, under trees, near springs, on rocks, beside 
rivers, on the hills; and always there is in attendance to receive the 
offerings of the worshippers, the Brahmin or priest, the religious 
montebank of India. His accomplice is the “holy man”, who does 
his tricks in public in order to gain merit before the gods and alms 
from the people. 


THE CASTE SYSTEM 


The divisions and sub-divisions of caste in India are innumerable. 
In general the traditional divisions are: 1. Brahmins or priests, 
2. Kshatriyas or warriors, 3. Vaisayas or merchants, 4. Sudras 
or artisans. Below these castes are the Panchamas or low castes 
and the Chucklers or out-castes. Socially and civilly Mohammedans 
are ranked as Sudras. The members of one caste keep themselves 
socially distinct from all other castes, eating and drinking, living 


eee 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 29 


and laboring, marrying, dying and being buried in their own castes. 
To break caste is the most grievous of all sins, for which abject 
and carefully prescribed atonement must be made. The caste sys- 
tem has for ages strangled all personal ambition, choked aspiration 
and held back progress in India. It has made unity of thought, pur- 
pose and action for the common good a practical impossibility, and 
has fostered suspicion, jealousy and selfishness. Above all it has pre- 
served the position and influence of the Brahmins as the religious 
autocrats of India and has been the greatest impediment to the work 
of Christian missions. 


The converts to Christianity in our Rajahmundry Mission are 
mostly Malas and Madigas, farm laborers, weavers and leather dress- 
ers, who are out-castes. They welcome the message of grace and. 
blessing through Christ, the Saviour of sinners, and yield more will- 
ingly to the elevating influences of Christianity than the various caste 
people. More recently the Gospel is beginning to find entrance also 
among certain classes of Sudras. The priests spurn and ridicule 
the efforts of Christian missionaries and will undoubtedly be the last 
to turn to Christ. 


MISSION HISTORY 


The Rajahmundry Mission, the ‘second Lutheran Mission estab- 
lished in Telugu country, celebrates its seventy-fifth anniversary in 


1920. The first Lutheran missionary to labor at Rajahmun- 
dry was Rev. Louis P. M. Valett, a missionary in the service of the 


North German Missionary Society, who after a number of visits to 
this town in 1844, began his permanent residence and work there 
in January, 1845. His associates were Rev. Charles W. Groenning 
and Rev. Frederick A. Heise. They labored as missionaries of the 
North German Missionary Society until 1850, when they were trans- 
ferred, together with their work, to the Foreign Missionary Society 
of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the 
United States. This society supervised and financed the Mission 
until 1869, and then transferred it to the General Council of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America. The Rey. Christian - 
Frederick Heyer, M.D., the first foreign missionary of the 
Lutheran Church in America, who had founded the Gun- 
tur Mission in 1842 and who had labored as a missionary at 
Rajahmundry for a number of years, went to India for the third 
time in 1869, at the age of seventy-seven years, in order to reor- 
ganize the Rajahmundry Mission for the General Council. It was 
then a weak and little thing. There were less than 200 Christians 
in and around Rajahmundry. The number of children in seven 
mission schools was seventy-three. Joseph and Paulus, acting as 
catechists, and five teachers were the only native helpers. There 
was a fairly good residence for missionaries at Rajahmundry, a 


30 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


dilapidated bungalow at Samulkot and small mud huts, used as 
prayer and school-houses, at Dowlaishwaram, Jegurupad and Mu- 
ramunda. After a residence of one year and two months, during 
which he brought order out of chaos and during which he was joined 
by Missionaries Hans Christian Schmidt, C. F. J. Becker and Iver 
K. Paulsen, Heyer returned to the United States, leaving the Mis- 
sion in charge of Schmidt and Paulsen, Becker having died six 
months after his arrival at Rajahmundry. 


From that mustard seed there since has grown under the nurture 
of our American Lutheran missionaries, a sturdy tree with branches 
spreading in every direction of missionary effort, bearing precious 
and ever increasing abundance of fruit in the continual conversion 
of men, women and children, body and soul, from gross, gruesome 
heathenism to repentance and faith in Jesus Christ, Son of the Living 
God, Saviour of the world. 


During the first year of the General Council’s supervision of the 
Mission the income from all sources in America was $2,480.49, and 
the Executive Committee of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, which 
had the work in charge until 1876, wrote in its first report to the 
General Council in 1870: “Your committee has with great difficulty 
secured the money to meet the expenses of the Mission. From 
most of the synods not a cent has been received”. During the last 
year of the General Council’s forty-nine years of effort the income 
for foreign mission work reached the sum of $112,254.95, of which 
nearly three-fourths was expended for the Rajahmundry Mission. 


MISSIONARIES’ WORK 


Brief mention should be made of some of the men and women, to 
whom the work owes its splendid progress, especially within the 
past twenty-five years and who either died in the service or gave 
the Mission many years of self-sacrificing and efficient service. 

Missionaries Schmidt and Paulsen labored patiently and hopefully 
side by side for seven years, waiting for missionary reinforcement 
but waiting in vain. Their effort during this period was little more 
_ than a struggle for existence. As more missionaries came and more 
funds were supplied, the Mission developed both extensively and in- 
tensively. Paulsen left India after seventeen years of service in 
1888, and Schmidt remained as a missionary at Rajahmundry for 
thirty-three years, until 1903, when he retired to Kotagiri in the 
Nilghiri hills, South India, where he died in 1911. 


The first missionary to represent the Augustana Synod was Rev. 
A. B. Carlson, who reached India in January, 1879, died at Rajahmun- 
dry three years later and was buried in the Christian cemetery at 
Madras. The Augustana Synod furnished in all fourteen mission- 
aries, eight men and six women, of whom three men and four 
women are still in the Mission. At first the contributions of this 


i ti ie 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 31 


synod were small, but since 1855 they steadily increased and in 
1918 they reached the sum of about $30,000.00. 

Missionary Horace G. B. Artman of Philadelphia by his vigorous 
and zealous activity, especially in the educational work, left a deep 
and lasting impression upon the Mission. Unfortunately an attack 
of fever caused his early death at Rajahmundry in 1884, after hav- 
ing served only four years as a missionary. Brief were also the 
terms of service of Missionary Franklin S. Dietrich of Berks county, 
Pennsylvania, who reached the field in January, 1883 and died there 
in June, 1889, and of Missionary William Groenning of Breklum, 
whose death occurred less than a month after that of his colleague. 
Others who labored previous to the year 1900 and who still are liv- 
ing but not as missionaries, are Rev. F. J. McCready, Rev. E. Pohl 
and Rev. E. Edman. 


With the advent of women missionaries in 1900 a new era began 
for the Mission. The first women missionaries were Miss Agnes 
I. Schade of Monaca, Pennsylvania, who is still active at Rajah- 
mundry, and Miss Kate L. Sadtler of Baltimore, Md., who after serv- 
ing twelve years, devoted largely to the Hindu Girls’ School at 
Rajahmundry, returned to the United States. Miss Charlotte Swen- 
son, who served from 1895 to 1908, when she died at Rajahmundry, 
may be credited with having developed the zenana work of the 
Mission as a separate department. Dr. Lydia Woerner, after twelve 
years of service, during which she began the Medical Mission Work, 
established the Dispensary in Rajahmundry and built the Hospital 
for Women and: Children in a suburb of the city, was forced to 
give up her work on account of ill health as a result of blood poison- 
ing after an operation on a patient. 


The men who, during the past twenty-five years, rendered note- 
worthy service as missionaries and who either died or left the Mis- 
sion are: Rev. C. F. Kuder, D.D., Rev. H. E. Isaacson, D.D., Rev. 
J. H. Harpster, D.D., and Rev. Rudolph Arps. Dr. Kuder gave 
seventeen years of service devoted principally to the development 
of the educational, literary and publication interests of the Mission. 
Dr. Isaacson died at Samulkot in 1914, where he had been stationed 
for almost twenty-one years. Dr. Harpster gave nine years of 
service to the Mission before he died at Philadelphia in 1911. Rev. 
Rudolph Arps whose service extended over a period of twenty-two 
years, was obliged to leave India at the outbreak of the European 
war, because he was a citizen of Germany. 


MISSION DISTRICTS AND INDIAN HELPERS 


The territory now covered by the Rajahmundry mission field, ex- 
tending from the shore of the bay of Bengal inland along the God- 
avery river to the Rampa hills, embraces approximately 5,400 square 
miles, which is somewhat larger than the state of Connecticut. This 


32 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


field has a population of over three millions of Telugus,—Hindus and. 
Mohammedans. For the conversion of some of these in certain taluks 
(counties) our Mission shares responsibility with the Canadian Bap- 
tist Mission, centering at Coconada, and with the Mission of Plymouth 
Brethren of England, with headquarters at Narsapur. In other 
taluks our Mission bears the entire missionary responsibility. 


The Mission is divided into a number of districts, designated by 
the names of the towns in which the missionaries reside or by the 
names of the taluks in which they labor, as follows: The Rajahmun- 
dry, Korukonda, Jaggampetta, Samulkot and Dowlaishwaram dis- 
tricts to the north and east of the Godavery river, and the Tallipudi, 
Tadepalligudem, Bhimawaram and Narsapur districts to the 
south and west of the Godavery river. The district mission- 
aries regularly visit the villages of their districts, in which 
Christians reside, schools have been established and native helpers. 
are at work, to examine the work of the school teachers, evangelists 
and catechists. Evangelists are lay preachers, whose chief duty it 
is to reach those with the Gospel who have never heard it or who, 
though they may have heard something about it, have paid no at- 
tention to it. Catechists are supervisors of sub-districts, directly 
responsible to the foreign missionary. The Christian teachers of the 
mission sehools in the villages not only instruct the children in the 
rudiments of knowledge, as prescribed by the Government, but also 
in the truths of Christianity. On Sundays and sometimes during the 
week they hold divine. services for the Christians of their village. 
They also instruct the Inquirers, that is, those heathen who inquire 
concerning the way of salvation in Christ. When the foreign mis- 
sionary reaches a village on his tour of the district he baptizes the 
infant children of Christian parents and the adults who have been 
properly instructed; he also administers the Lord’s Supper. He per- 
forms the marriages and attends to the needed discipline in the 
congregation. He preaches to the Christians and, if time and op- 
portunity are given, to the heathen. He is accompanied on his tours 
by native helpers. ‘The missionaries of the Bhimawaram, Tadepal- 
ligudem and Dowlaishwaram districts use houseboats when on tour, 
inasmuch as their districts are in the delta, where there are many 
irrigation canals. The missionaries of the other districts use tents on 
their tours and travel about in carts drawn by bullocks or ponies, 
often availing themselves of the Government Rest-houses or of mis- 
sion school-houses, as temporary residences. Some of the mission- 
aries have supplied themselves with motor cycles, and recently’a num- 
ber of automobiles have been donated by friends of the Mission in 
America. With the use of these machines the missionary is en- 
abled to accomplish two or three times as much as with the slowly 
moving and uncomfortable bullock carts, 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 33 


PRESENT MISSIONARY FORCE 


Of the nine ordained missionaries in the Rajahmundry Mission at 
work during the year 1918, six were in charge of districts. The 
native Christian membership at the beginning of that year was 26,- 
037, which means that there was one district missionary to an aver- 
age of 4,239 Christians. The heavy responsibility of the district mis- 
sionary is evident, furthermore, from the fact that these six men 
had charge of work in 509 villages in which Christians or inquirers 
resided. During the past ten years the additions to the member- 
ship have averaged more than a thousand a year. There are 546 na- 
tive workers of all grades in mission employ. The success of the 
foreign missionary depends to a large degree on the number and char- 
acter of the native workers under his direction. 


For the education of native workers Christian Boarding Schools are 
maintained, largely by means of scholarships supported by patrons in 
America. Until recently the only schools of this character in the 
Mission were the so-called Central Schools for boys and girls in 
Rajahmundry. The Mission now urges the establishment of simi- 
lar boarding schools at every station. The missionary resident at 
Bhimawaram, Rev. Ernst Neudoerffer, has had splendid success in 
the organization not only of a Boarding School for Boys but also 
of a High School for Boys at that station. The latter, which has an 
enrollment of 800 students, was started and financed without any 
aid from the Board. The natives, Hindus as well as Christians, sup- 
plied both the material and the labor required for the erection of 
the High School building. Another High School for Boys is located at 
Peddapur and has an enrollment of over 750 students. During the 
absence of its supervisor, Missionary Hiram H. Sipes, Jr., who is 
studying theology at Philadelphia, the Peddapur High School is in 
charge of Missionary Fred L. Coleman. The manager of the Rajah- 
mundry Boarding School for Boys is Missionary Thure A. Holmer. 
It enrolls over 200 pupils. It is located on a hill outside of Rajah- 
mundry, which has been called Luthergiri (giri being the Telugu 
word for hill). 


The Girls’ Central School is the Mission Boarding School for 
girls at Rajahmundry. It is a splendid institution, one of the best 
of its kind in South India. Ever since it was organized by her as 
a separate school in 1895, Miss Agnes I. Schade has managed its af- 
fairs. It enrolls over 200 pupils. Miss Schade wishes to raise her 
school to the grade of a Girls’ High School. 


Other Mission institutions in Rajahmundry are the Training or 
Normal School for Masters, eight Hindu Girls’ Schools in charge 
of Miss Emilie L. Weiskotten, and a Theological School with a Junior 
and a Senior class, taught by Rev. Karl L. Wolters and others. 
The importance of the educational work of the Mission may be 
judged from the fact that in 671 schools of all grades from the 


34 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


village Primary to the High School, over 12,000 pupils are enrolled, 
while in 344 Sunday schools there are 10,000 pupils.. 

In Rajahmundry: there is a congregation of seven hundred bap- 
tized members, of which Rev. Pantagani Paradesi is the pastor, which 
sorely needs a new building, the present inadequate structure hav- 
ing been erected by Dr. Schmidt in 1878. Indeed, the walls of a 
part of this building are those of the first mission house built by 
Missionary Valett in 1845. A Mission Printery and a Book Depot, 
started many years ago by Dr. Schmidt, are still performing a neces- 
sary and important function in the mission work. These and other 
mission operations in the town of Rajahmundry, which are not ad- 
ministered as separate departments, as well as the Rajahmundry 
and Korukonda district work, are in charge of Rev. August F. A. 
Neudoerffer. A new church building is also needed at Dowlaish- 
waram, where there is a very small chapel and a large congrega- 
tion. Missionary Oscar L. Larson resides at Dowlaishwaram and 
supervises the work in the Dowlaishwaram district. The Tadepal- 
ligudem district is in charge of Missionary Oscar M. Werner; the 
Jaggampetta district is in charge of Missionary C. P. Tranberg. 
Rev. Edwin A. Olson supervises the Tallipudi district. 

The seclusion of certain classes of Hindu and Mohammedan women 
in zenanas demanded the enlistment of women missionaries. The 
zenana worker visits the secluded women and their children and 
trains native Bible-women as teachers in the zenanas, in order that 
the light and grace of the Gospel may penetrate the privacy of the 
purdah and the isolation of the zenana. Miss Susan E. Monroe, who 
since 1902 has rendered gratuitous service as a missionary, and Miss 
Sigrid A. Esberhn, are the zenana workers in Rajahmundry and 
Kovur. They have twenty Bible-women under their direction. Miss 
Mary A. Borthwick does zenana work in Samulkot, where she re- 
sides, and in Peddapur. In 1917 she began at Samulkot a Train- 
ing School for Bible-Women for the districts. Miss Christina Eriks- 
son, “the childrens’ nurse”, is at work in Dowlaishwaram. Thus 
gradually the woman’s work is being extended farther and farther 
out into the districts. 


The neglect of sick women in zenanas and their reluctance to go 
to a general hospital conducted under government supervision, led to 
the establishment of medical mission work for women. Dr. Lydia 
Woerner was our pioneer in this department, which now includes 
a fine hospital for women and children on the outskirts of Rajah- 
mundry, a rented dispensary in the town and private visits by the 
medical missionary. Dr. Betty A. Nilsson, medical missionary in 
charge, is assisted by Miss Hilma Levine, superintendent of the Train- 
ing School for native nurses, and a corps of native assistants. The 
total number of patients treated in the Hospital during the year 1918 
was 1360, in the two dispensaries, one in the hospital and one in 
town, 6980. There is urgent need of another medical missionary. 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 35 


The Mission has recently informed the Board of Foreign Missions 
that the door has opened for male physicians, especially in several 
of the districts. Moreover the Mission is cooperating in the main- 
tenance of an inter-mission or Union Medical School at Vellore, to 
which it sends native Christian young women to be educated and 
trained as assistant doctors and surgeons. 

One of our missionary: nurses, Miss Agatha Tatge, is the supervisor 
of the department of nursing in the Sanatorium for Tubercular Pa- 
tients at Mandanapalli, which is also an inter-mission institution. 

Other women missionaries at Rajahmundry are Miss Agnes Chris- 
tenson, who assisted Miss Schade in the Girls’ Central School, Miss 
Virginia Boyer, who is still studying the Telugu language, and Miss 
Charlotte B. Hollerbach, who has charge of the Lace Industry. Three 
hundred and fifty women are employed in this mission industry, by 
means of which many of them not only gain a livelihood but also 
are developed in the virtues of cleanliness, carefulness, and indus- 
try, and are, also, instructed by the missionary and her assistants in 
the knowledge and practice of Christianity. 


MISSION APPEALS 


The Rajahmundry Mission is appealing for missionary reinforce- 
ments. The European war prevented the sending out of men and 
women who had been called and commissioned to go to Rajahmundry 
as messengers of the Gospel; but now that the war is over, the 
Church at Home must try to make up for lost time and unavoid- 
able delay. Peace having been established again in the earth, the 
Gospel of the Prince of Peace, Jesus Christ, should be carried with 
increased zeal and multiplied effort to the heathen and Mohammedan 
nations. The Rajahmundry Mission needs ordained men for dis- 
trict and educational work, it needs ordained and unordained men 
for educational and industrial work; it needs male physicians, and 
it needs women missionaries, teachers, nurses and doctors. One or- 
dained man and one single woman went out in 1919; but ten men and 
as many women should leave for Rajahmundry next year. This is 
a call for volunteers, for enlistments in the army of salvation as 
soldiers of the cross, as ministers of world-righteousness and uni- 
versal freedom in Christ Jesus, as conquerors of the whole world for 
the great Redeemer of all men everywhere. If any man or woman 
who reads this description and especially this appeal, can go let the 
Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church know 
it; and let God decide the issue. 

The Rajahmundry Mission is appealing, also, for increased sup- 
port in order that it may carry on its established work and take ad- 
vantage of the wonderful opportunities now offered for the advance 
of every department in the Mission. When the European war broke 
out it seemed as though the heathen had a just cause to ridicule the 


36 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


Christian nations for their unchristian conduct; but now that the 
principles of righteousness and liberty have triumphed, now that the 
United States in particular, stands for the highest ideal of Christian- 
ity in the relations of nations as well as of individuals, the heathen 
are more willing than ever to listen to the message which Christian 
and, in particular, American Christian missionaries preach and teach 
in the name of Jesus Christ. 

The Rajahmundry Mission is,celebrating the seventy-fifth anni- 
versary, the Diamond Jubilee of its establishment as an instru- 
ment of God in the conversion of the heathen world. God has blessed 
it and we should rejoice and be glad thereof. We also, as well as 
the missionaries and their converts in the field, we in America, who 
stand back of this great enterprise, will celebrate the Diamond Jubi- 
lee of the Rajahmundry Mission. We will have our special Jubilee 
services and songs; but if the sanction and good pleasure of the 
Lord are to be granted us as celebrants, we must give the Rajahmun- 
dry Mission our prayers, supplications, intercessions and offerings of 
gold and silver for the name of the Lord and the fame of the Lord in 
the land of the Hindus, in the country of the Telugus, where His Word 
must triumph and His work must be done, and never cease to 
increase our gifts, until Rajahmundry is His footstool and the peo- 
ple who inhabit the Godavery and Kistna districts of India are 
His people and the sheep of His pasture. Let us not delay the day 
of His salvation for those whose redemption through Him, He has 
entrusted to our efforts. 


COMPARATIVE TABLE OF STATISTICS BY DECADES 


1870.,:1880:4 1890; 4900 > 190 10s S1928 


Baptized Membership ....... 160 335 1056 6159 169538 26037 
Communicantice ee ee eee Vee Da ke 978 3000 9926 13834 
Foreign Missionaries ....... 2 4 4 5. 12 24 
Indian Christian Workers ... 9 16 OOnpiml AD mold 642 
Pupilspinss chool geyser: 188 440 1473 .3500 6099 11970 


WHAT THE RAJAHMUNDRY MISSION NEEDS FOR ADVANCE WoRK 


1. Ten men and ten women misionaries in 1920, and after that 
one or two men and as many women each year for a number of years. 

Among the men to be sent out in the near future one should be 
a physician and surgeon, another should be qualified to establish in- 
dustrial mission work along the lines of agricultural and construc- 
tion work. 

Among the women one should be a doctor, another a nurse, the 
rest teachers. 

It will cost $400 to send a single man or woman and twice as 
much to send a married man to the mission field. 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 37 


2. Missionaries’ residences at three stations, two in the Bhima- 
waram district, which is to be divided, and the third at Jaggampetta. 
Each will cost about $4,000. 

3. Church buildings at Rajahmundry and Dowlaishwaram, the 
one to cost $20-25,000, the other $5-8,000. The church at Rajah- 
mundry must have adequate equipment for Sunday school work. 

4. A Dispensary building in Rajahmundry, costing approximately 
$5,000, and a chapel in connection with the Hospital, costing about 
$1,500. 

5. A building in Rajahmundry to be used as a Reading Room 
and Lecture Hall, with a Book store and a printing establishment. 
The right kind of a building, including the site, would cost $20,000. 

6. The elevation of the Girls’ Central School in Rajahmundry 
to the grade of a High School for Girls with adequate buildings and 
equipment. This would cost at least $10,000. 

7. A Church Extension Fund for each district. Fifteen thousand 
dollars would make a good beginning in each of three districts, $5,000 
for each. Money could then be loaned to native Christian congre- 
gations for their chapels and prayer-houses. 

8. The Extension of the Women’s Work in the districts. At 
Bhimawaram a residence for women missionaries, a boarding school 
for girls and a dispensary. Ten thousand dollars would give the 
Mission a chance to make a beginning in this direction. 

9. A Bible Women’s Training School and a Home for the Care 
of Unprotected. Christian Women. This institution should be erected 
as a Charlotte Swenson Memorial. Fifteen thousand dollars will be 
needed. 

10. Boarding Schools at district headquarters. From these schools 
more Indian Christian helpers would come. Each school would cost 
about $4,000. 

11. An Industrial School with a qualified industrial mission worker 
at its head. Industrial mission work is becoming more imperative 
every year. 

12. A Hostel or Dormitory for Hindu students at Bhimawaram 
and another at Peddapur, where the Mission High Schools are lo- 
cated. In these dormitories Hindu students would come under the 
influence of the missionaries and Christian teachers all the time. As 
long as the students are housed in the homes of non-Christians, there 
is little hope for their conversion. Each dormitory would cost about 
$3,000.00 


13. A Theological Seminary, in which to give graduates of the 
High Schools and the College a course in theology which will make 
them able ministers of the Gospel, pastors of congregations and 
leaders of the people. The buildings, including dormitories and pro- 
fessors’ houses, would cost at least $50,000.00. Such an institution, 
whether located at Rajahmundry, Guntur or Madras, is beyond ques- 
tion the most imperative need in our Missions in India. 


38 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


None of:the above described needs are included in. the regular 
budget of the Mission, on which the Church’s apportionment is based. 
The payment of the foreign mission apportionment will barely pro- 
vide for the mission work already established. 

There are two ways of making provision for future expansion: 
first, by increasing the apportionments from year to year, and sec- 
ondly, by special gifts in excess of the apportionment. 

Will you undertake the support of a missionary as your substitute 
in the foreign mission field? 

Will you help to finance one of the special enterprises of the Board 
of Foreign Missions? 

The Board will gladly give you further information and advice. 

Do not lay: aside this pamphlet until you have reached the de- 
cision to make a special sacrifice for the speedier fulfilment of the 
great commission of the Lord Jesus Christ. Remember His promise 
and your obligation. Let your hope of the redemption of the whole 
world find expression in your foreign mission gifts, and in your daily 
supplications to God through Jesus Christ, Redeemer of the world. 


GEORGE DRACH. 








RAW MATERIAL IN LIBERIA, AFRICA 


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MISSION STATION 


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IMPROVED ROADS 

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LEMMA V. DAY. GIRLS’ SCHOOL 
MT, COFFEE OUT-STATION 
BaTHEs STATION 


MUHLENBERG MISSION FIELD, LIBERIA, AFRICA 








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NATIVE TOWNS-PROSPECTIVE 
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KPOLO KPELE STATION, MUHLENBERG MISSION 





CONFIRMED LIBERIAN LUTHERANS 


Compare this group with the one on the preceding page. 





HENRY STEWARD AND HIS SCHOOL 


: LIBERIA 
Mt. Coffee, Liberia BOYS’ DORMITORY, MUHLENBERG, 





DRYING COFFEE AT THE HENRY STEW- : = 
ARD SCHOOL MISSIONARIES’ HOME—BOYS SCHOOL 


The small building is the tailor and shoe shop. 





MISSION BOYS AS CARRIERS CROSSING ST. PAUL RIVER FROM BOYS’ 
Ready for a journey on foot into the interior. SCHOOL TO GIRLS’ SCHOOL 








PREPARING FOOD, “DUMBOY’”, FOR THE BOARDING BOYS, AT 
MUHLENBERG STATION 


flats IGA 


MUHLENBERG MISSION 


dred thousand square miles is second only to that of Asia. The 

general outline of the Continent is like the human ear. Again, 
it has been likened unto an inverted saucer. Its average height above 
sea level is 2,000 feet. Its temperature ranges from 72 to 64 degrees 
Fahrenheit. Its climatic influences are greatly effected by its “dry 
and wet” seasons. Its great tropical forests are the chief home of 
the palm-oil and wine. Its civilization is the highest and lowest in 
the world. Up to recent times little was known of the larger part 
of the interior. 

In Dean Swift’s quaint words: 


£ | ‘HE African continent with an area of eleven million, five hun- 


“Geographers in Afric’s maps, 
Put savage beasts to fill up gaps, 
And o’er inhabitable downs, 
Put elephants for want of towns”. 


In 1884 the Powers of Europe established protectorates over nearly 
the whole continent, but it is not a protectorate so much that Africa 
needs,—it is a free Gospel. Europe must give Africa her best, and 
when she gives her best, Africa’s redemption will begin to dawn. 

Race, language, and religion always form interesting topics of 
study. The sons of Shem and Ham and Japeth wandered in this 
great continent. The highest forms of Christianity and lowest fet- 
ishism prevailed at one time or another, in different parts of the 
Continent. The various races have been influenced by those without. 
The whole population is little short of two hundred million. 

The American Lutheran Church has no large work in Africa al- 
though it entered the continent on the West Coast in 1860. Conti- 
nental Lutheran Bodies have undertaken large responsibility in vari- 
ous parts of the continent. 


LIBERIA. 


The United Lutheran Church has its work in Liberia. The Mis- 
sion was started in 1860. Liberia is an Africo-American experiment 
in colonization. It is an attempt to answer the question,—is the 
colored man capable of self-government? . 

Paul Coffey saw the vision of a home for the freed colored pop- 
ulation of the United States of America, and set out to found a re- 
public to wipe out an ugly stain on our American Republic’s fair 
escutcheon. 5 


44 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


President Monroe was instrumental in making effective an Act of 
Congress by which repatriated Africans who were captured on 
American and foreign’ vessels might live under their own sun, and 
work out their own destiny. 

The first band left America for the west coast of Africa under 
the leadership of Rev. Samuel Bacon in the year 1890. They tried 
to settle in Sierra Leone, but were not permitted to land. Within 
a few weeks their white leader and twenty-two of the band died 
of fever on Sherbro Island. 

Nothing daunted, year after year other bands followed, until in 
1847, they founded the Republic of Liberia, on July 26th, modelled 
after the Government of the United States. 


PEOPLE. 


Generally speaking, two classes divide the population between 
them—Liberians and Africans. The former are descendants of the 
original settlers from America and of captured slaves taken from 
“Slavers” on the high-seas. The latter are aboriginal tribes among 
which are the following: The Dai, the Vai, the Bassa, the Golah, 
the Pesseh, the Kroo, the Fish and the Grebo. 

Liberia is about as large as the State of Pennsylvania. It has 
a coast line of three hundred and fifty miles from the mouth of 
the river Mano to Cape Palmos. It extends from the 8th parallel 
to the 4th parallel North Latitude. Its climate is rather inhospitable 
to the white man. Some regard September and October especially 
unhealthy. Others regard June, July and August the best months 
in the year to enter the country. 


MoRRIS OFFICER. 


The Mission was started by Morris Officer. The church was not 
ready for it. He waited, but while he waited he worked. When 
America began her struggles to free the slave civilly, he began his 
mighty task to free him spiritually. Almost within the sound of 
the guns of Fort Sumter, he sailed for Africa. He was made 
of the same heroic material as Livingston. He lived to suffer. 
He founded the present boys’ school in 1860. Since its founding, it 
has been the center of the mission’s life. A school for girls named 
after Emma V. Day was opened by Dr. Day in 1897. For twenty- 
three years, the Mission was known as the Day Mission. Dr. Day 
was the life of the whole work. 

Interior work was always the goal, but the smallness of the 
missionary force prevented its being pushed. In 1908, Missionary 
Pedersen pushed into the Interior and established the Kpolo-Pelle 
work. At this interior station, subsequently Rev. and Mrs. Neibel, 
Rev. Brosius, Rev. and Mrs. Leonard and others of our mission- 
aries have lived for a longer or shorter time. 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD i 45 


SANOGHIE. 


Yet further into the Interior the Sanoghie Station has been opened, 
now occupied by Rev. and Mrs. Curran. The whole tendency of the 
Mission is to push interiorward with Muhlenberg Station as the base 
of supplies and the educational center. 


BETHEL STATION. 


Rev. and Mrs. Ayers, independent misionaries in Liberia, joined 
the Mission in August, 19138. Their work for a time was carried 
on at Bethel Station. This station became one of the stations of the 
Mission where, subsequent to the withdrawal of Rev. Ayers from 
the work, Rev. Mr. Buschman lived and labored. 


INDUSTRIAL. 


From the beginning of the Mission the industrial feature of mis- 
sionary endeavor was emphasized. The boys in the school learned 
to farm. The girls in turn, learn house-keeping. Some of the older 
boys work at trades—carpentry, tailoring, shoe-making. The Mis- 
sion has a printing press. For many years past a coffee farm has 
been cultivated. At one time, there were 50,000 coffee bearing trees. 
In recent years, Arfican coffee has brought a very high price in 
the American market. 

L. B. WoLrF. 






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MISSES BOWERS AND AKARD BEING SERVED TEA IN JAPANESE HOME 





MISSIONARY LIPPARD, PASTOR YAMANOUCHI AND HELPERS 


Sign Advertises Public Preaching Within. 








JAPANESE GIRLS TYPICAL JAPANESE HOME 





GROUP OF CHRISTIANS IN FRONT OF KUMAMOTO CHURCH 


JAPAN 


NYTHING we might say of Japan will have to be modified 

in less than ten years. It is generally admitted that no na- 

tion in all history has presented to the world such a spectacle 
of rapid and continuous change. The one thing stable seems to be a 
mysterious something which, for want of a better term, we call pa- 
triotic devotion. In the last analysis, nothnig counts with the aver- 
age Japanese but his Emperor and his country. Wife, child, parents, 
property, honor, religion, all become unimportant when compared 
with loyalty to His Imperial Majesty or native land. And yet, even 
at this point the impact of Western thought and habits of life is 
slowly moving the mass of Japanese society. The streams from 
the West laden with the products of our intellectuar, religious, po- 
litical and commercial life, swiftly flowing through this Land of 
the Rising Sun, are carrying before them well nigh every obstruc- 
.tion and the age-long accumulations of superstition and conserva- 
tism. 

The missionary literature of the day is filled with declarations of 
the serious attention Japan ought to receive. The Methodists have 
just completed a big drive for missions; and though they already 
have in Japan a splendidly equipped Mission, over $1,000,000 of the 
drive money goes to Japan. One need only reflect for a moment on 
Japan’s position with reference to China geographically, historically, 
intellectually, morally and religiously, and also her position in the 
society of nations as one of the Big Five, to be deeply impressed 
with the necessity of winning Japan for Christ. Whatever may be 
our personal opinion of Japan as an independent political power there 
can be but one interpretation of her position in the Far East. We 
cannot detach this Empire from the whole gigantic problem of the 
Eastern races. Japan is the center of a great development in human 
history and the church will do well to exercise here its choicest mis- 
sionary statesmanship. 

Japan is “fearfully and wonderfully made”. Living volcanoes, 
earthquake shocks, tidal waves, and typhoons are familiar to all who 
reside in the land. A rugged back bone of a mountain range runs 
through the islands from Northeast to Southwest. The Scotch High- 
lander sometimes looks at these with a queer sort of grin, but the 
average man will shed his coat long before he reaches the summit 
of the topmost peaks. The highest point in Japan proper is the tip 
of Mt. Fuji, 12,3800 feet. Many of the large mountains are called 
sacred and become the goal of thousands of religious pilgrims every 
year. Holy places are districted, as it were, so that a certain number 
come within a radius of say, 50 or 100 miles. He who makes the 
circle annually for a certain number of years accumulates to him- 
self a great fund of merit. 


a2 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


On these volcanic islands live 55,000,000 people, and the food they 
eat must come from only 23,000 square miles of arable land. No 
wonder every foot of possible ground is carefully tended like a pri- 
vate garden. 

Every: hillside is terraced for the cultivation of rice, the most 
important food product of the soil, and of more value than all the 
other grains and vegetables combined. 

Foreigners have criticized the Japanese for not adopting more 
modern methods of farming. But heavy machinery such as is fa- 
miliar to the large Western farmer, is impossible in Japan, owing to 
the limited size of each farm and the conditions of cultivation. While 
the horse and plow are used to a considerable extent, a fatal limi- 
tation is imposed by the stern fact that it costs more to feed a horse 
than a man, and “feed” is a serious problem in Japan at all times. 

Fortunately for Japan the surrounding seas abound in fish. The 
people are expert fishermen and they relish the fish, cooked, or plain - 
raw, heads and tails on or off, whale or minnow, cat fish or devil 
fish. 

One of the most important developments in recent years is the cul-. 
tivation of Western fruits-and berries and vegetables. All the year 
round some luscious fruit may be had from the market, and often, 
too, a good variety of vegetables familiar to the foreign taste. 

A thousand and one things should be said of the Japanese parks 
with their flowering trees and shrubbery, their well-kept roads and 
the little tea houses by the way, their dwellings of odd construction, 
and their wearing apparel; but the reader should go to some larger 
work to satisfy his curiosity in regard to such matters. Things Jap- 
anese are interesting enough, but the Japanese people should inter- 
est uS more. 

The origin of the Japanese race is still a mystery. One theory 
links them with the ancient Greeks, another with the ten lost tribes 
of Israel. The most reasonable explanation traces them through 
Korea to the South Sea Islands. The Japanese themselves object 
to being classed as Mongolian, but certain it is that in their veins 
flows a Mongolian strain. Wherever they may have come from 
they: landed on the Southern island of Kyushu and slowly pushed 
northward, driving before them and superceding the aboriginal Ainu 
tribes. The physiognomy of the people as they are to-day would in- 
dicate the blending of two races, the general type of each remain- 
ing more or less distinct... The one is more slender in general ap- 
pearance with longer face and nose, while the other is of more 
sturdy stock with well rounded features. The traditions of the race 
as embodied in the Kojiki and Nihongi, ancient histories compiled 
under official sanction, trace the ancestry of the Japanese to the 
“great high plane of heaven”. The divine right of kings, therefore, 
is a doctrine familiar to all Japan. Amaterasu, the Sun-Goddess and 
great projenitor of the Imperial line, is still the object of divine 
worship offered by the multitudes. 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 53: 


A catalogue of the more clearly defined characteristics of the Jap- 
anese must include patriotism, filial piety, politeness, self-control, 
thirst for knowledge, aptness to learn, and a desire for progress. 

The patriotism of Japan in our Western sense is of recent origin. 
Previous to the Restoration in 1868 the country was divided into 
many daimiates frequently hostile to each other and governed by 
opposing lords. The one who controlled the strongest lords with their 
retainers, was the master of Japan. Scant regard was had for 
His Imperial Majesty, who was held in seclusion by the great Toku- 
gawa and other ruling families. The every-day affairs of govern- 
ment control were considered too commonplace and vulgar for the 
direct interference of the Son of Heaven! It must be said in all 
candor, however, that the man in power held his place only so long 
as he was able to make it appear that he ruled by the authority 
and with the approval of the Son of Heaven. Control of His Maj- 
esty’s person therefore was of great importance. Patriotism for the 
average man however was synonomous with loyalty to one’s own 
local lord. : 

The aggressions of the white man among non-white races had 
the effect of changing the old order in Japan. The wise men of 
the land, who knew something of the white man’s expansion in the 
past seventy-five years, foresaw that the only hope for continued 
political independence in Japan’s case, lay in uniting all scattered 
forces into one central power. Hence the restoration of the Em- 
peror and the abolition of feudalism. Modern patriotism was then 
first born in Japan. To-day it is a most potent force and appears 
to be stronger even than religion. 


Filial piety is political loyalty carried into the family, and the 
family itself is verily an wmperium in wimperio. Personal affection is 
not the guiding principle. In fact an orthodox interpretation would not 
permit of personal affection, in the Western sense, from son toward 
father. The attitude must be one rather of respect and unquestioning 
obedience. Love implies for them too great familiarity. The father 
is the head, and next in succession is the eldest son. The single group 
is merged into other groups bound by the ties of blood and adop- 
tion. It is very serious for any individual member to break the 
law of the group. Filial piety consists in obedience to the family 
order. 

Japanese etiquette maintains itself with difficulty under the con- 
ditions of modern Japan. It is not so easy as in former years to 
stop still in the road and bow several times before passing a friend, 
or to spend hours in social conversation with no particular business 
in mind. Also, in the rush of modern life even the Japanese nerve 
gets on edge and a curt reply to some friendly question is occa- 
sionally heard. But on the whole, formal politeness is still the order 
edge that is supernatural. The system is an elaboration of princi- 
ples that should govern man in his relations to man. 


54 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


of the day. One does not meet with the indifference and brevity 
in public intercourse which is so common in. America. 


Self-control is ingrained through centuries of experience and re- 
ligious teaching. The conditions of life for the masses have not 
been favorable. The struggle for existence is usualiy very hard. 
Famine and pestilence made their frequent visits, before modern 
commerce and medicine came to relieve the strain. It is for this rea- 
son, in part, that a fatalistic philosophy tinges the thought life of 
all Japan, as of the rest of the mysterious East. It is felt that what 
is to be will be. Destiny has fixed our limits. Personal initiative 
cannot change the final result. Therefore it is shikata ga nai (no 
help for it). 

A special code called Bushido the “way of the warrior”, crystal- 
lized the ethics of conduct and self-control for Japan. Patience un- 
der suffering, endurance of great pain without manifestation of dis- 
comfort, in fact, the suppression and control of all outward expres- 
sion of inward emotion, are virtues enjoined by the Warrior Code. 
The Japanese have been apt pupils in the school of Bushido. Not 
that they are without emotion. They feel, as other men, but some- 
how the eye of a Japanese does not function as the window of 
the soul. The foreigner is often at a loss to know just how a Jap- 
anese feels. 


Thirst for knowledge, aptness to learn, and the desire for progress 
are abundantly evidenced by every development in modern Japan. By 
Imperial command every. Japanese is enjoined to seek knowledge 
throughout the wide world. The famous Imperial Rescript on Edu- 
cation, embodying these admonitions, is frequently read before every 
student body in the land. The public has so heartily responded to 
the initiative of the Government that the higher schools are always 
crowded. It has become necessary to double the number of High 
Schools, leading to the Universities, and work on the new buildings 
is even now proceeding. Not only does the Government maintain 
a strong system of compulsory education at home but also grants lib- 
eral scholarships for advanced students abroad. There is no Boxer 
Indemnity Fund for the education of Japanese in America, but the 
students are here by the thousands just the same. For thirty years 
after 1868, Japan employed 3,000 foreigners to teach her the arts 
and sciences of the West. Surely the world has never seen a peo- 
ple more willing to learn. 


RELIGION. 


The charge is made sometimes that Japan is a country of atheists. 
True, atheism here finds a fertile soil. “Much learning” has made 
many students mad. But if St. Paul could stand in the heart of 
Japan to-day and preach to the people, it is quite probable that he 
would say: “Ye men of Japan, I perceive that in all things ye are 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 55 


too religious.” At the same time, in this land of many religions 
and innumerable gods, covered with temples and simple shrines, the 
great need is yet for a true religion. 

Shinto is an ancient politico-religious cult, indigenous to Japan, its® 
essence being nature and ancestor worship. The emphasis to-day is 
centered about the Throne. Loyalty to the Imperial house and di- 
vine reverence to the Imperial ancestry are the cardinal doctrines of 
modern Shinto. 

Buddhism has had more influence over the masses than any other 
religion. Introduced from Korea in the sixth century, it soon be- 
came the chief religion of the country. Education came under Bud- 
‘dhist control; art and medicine were introduced through Buddhist 
influence. The country’s folk-lore and poetry are its creation. Bud- 
dhism is the schoolmaster under whose instruction the nation grew 
up. 

Even to-day, Buddhism has a powerful influence over the masses. 
Multitudes blindly obey the priests. But the spell is broken. People 
are more alert to the abuses of the priesthood, and the public press 
is continually calling attention to their serious offenses. 

The Japanese found pure Buddhism in its higher philosophic forms 
too difficult to be practical, and hence they developed their own nu- 
merous sects and interpretations. Shinran, one of the great leaders, 
advanced a line of thought resembling the Christian doctrine of salva- 
tion by faith in another. He is interesting to us because of the sup- 
position by some scholars that he came in contact with Nestorian 
Christians in China and was there influenced in his teachings. 

Pure Buddhism is philosophic and atheistic. It is the doctrine of 
self-help. Life with its desires is an evil. True happiness can be 
attained only by the destruction of positive desire. When one loses 
his self-consciousness through thought-concentration on the higher 
truths, he reaches a state of absolute rest, loses personal identity, 
and is absorbed into universal deity. This is Nirvana. Buddhism 
knows no supreme Being to whom one should pray, and in this sense 
is atheistic. Yet there are innumerable Buddhas receiving divine 
worship, who were. only men believed to have reached their perfect 
state by self-denial; and thus Buddhism in Japan has become poly- 
theistic. Nor is Buddhism free from the pantheistic tendencies com- 
mon to the religious thought-life of all the East. 

Confucianism came to Japan from China and Korea early in 
the Christian era and flourished until the period of the Middle Ages 
when Buddhism became more popular. At the beginning of the 
17th century, Confucianism again rose to great prominence. Then 
it was that the classics were printed in Japan for the first time. Un- 
til the Restoration in 1868, they became the medium of every boy’s 
education and the basis of the nation’s whole mental development. 
Even to-day instruction in ethics is based largely on the teachings 
of Confucius and Mencius. Confucianism lays no claim to knowl- 


56 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


The system of Confucius revolves about the “five relations’, that. 
is, the obligations and duties existing between sovereign and min- 
ister; father and son; husband and wife; elder brother and younger 
‘brother; friend and friend. 

The family system and the social customs of Japan are built 
around the ethics of Confucius. 

Christianity entered Japan with Francis Zavier in the 16th Cen- 
tury. Within a hundred years a million souls were classed as Chris- 
tian. It seemed as though all Japan would speedily come under the 
power of the Roman See. But the quarrels of the Spanish priests and 
the Dutch traders in South Japan, and the indiscretions of the mis- 
sionaries with reference to political affairs, led to deep suspicion on 
the part of the Government, later to a cruel persecution of the Chris- 
tians, and finally their practical extermination. After 250 years, 
Christianity again entered Japan with the coming of both Protes- 
tant and Catholic missionaries following the year 1858. Two thou- 
sand Christians soon made themselves known to the Catholic priests: 
at Nakasaki. They had kept their faith alive for more than two cen-. 
turies by secret and oral transmission of the Commandments, the 
Creed, the Lord’s Prayer and a few of the Church’s prayers. All 
Bibles and Christian books had been utterly destroyed. With the 
exception of a very serious reaction, from 1888 to 1900, Christian- 
ity in modern Japan has made steady and commendable progress. 
In Japan, as elsewhere, the total effects of mission work are never 
registered in statistical tables. It is well to bear this in mind, for 
the actual number of communicants in the various churches, after 
sixty years of effort, seems to some persons discouraging. However, 
if we carefully study the whole impact of Christianity on Japanese 
society it will appear that there is no mission field in the world where 
the faith of Jesus Christ has exercised a greater power, in so short 
a time. Christians come from all classes, and the leadership of the 
Church more from the upper than the lower orders of Society. 

The statistics that follow are for the year 1917, and give an idea 
of the present numerical strength and equipment of Christian mis- 
sions. The figures include Protestant and Catholic. 

Missionaries, 1,427; Japanese workers, 3,353; communicant mem-: 
bership, 213,819; churches, 1,581; Sunday schools, 2,473; Scholars, 
156,245; Middle (High) Schools, 21; enrollment, 8,123; Girl’s schools, 
61; enrollment, 9,947; Colleges 11; enrollment, 1,503; Theological and 
Bible Schools, 40; enrollment, 849; Japanese aid to educational work, 
$95,055; Mission aid, $216,798; value school property $3,858,990; 
Japanese aid to evangelistic work, $337,382; Mission aid, $175,488. 


LUTHERANS IN JAPAN. 


In 1892 the United Synod in the South sent to Japan the first 
Lutheran missionary, the Rev. J. A. B. Scherer. Only a few months: 
later he was joined by the Rev. R. B. Peery. Both missionaires lo- 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 57 


cated in Saga, South-west Japan, a city of 35,000, and opened there 
the first Lutheran station. This was in 1893. No serious attempt 
was made at further expansion until 1898, when the larger city of 
Kumamoto, (70,000) was entered by one of our Japanese evangelists. 
Rev. C. L. Brown reached Japan the same month that Kumamoto 
was opened, and, after two years of language study in Saga, was 
transferred to the new station. 

In the same year, 1898, Rev. J. M. T. Winther came to Japan 
and began the work that later developed into the Mission of the 
United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. On June 
11, 1919, by action of the Convention at Cedar Falls, Iowa, this Mis- 
sion was merged with the Mission of the United Lutheran Church. 
The City of Kurume (40,000) near Saga, was the first, and has 
remained the central station of the Mission of the United Danish 
Church. 

The year 1908 marks the entrance of the Gereral Council into 
Japan. Rev. F. D. Smith was their pioneer. He introduced Luther- 
anism to the Capital city, Tokyo, and is still in charge of the work 
there. ; 

Each of the missions has been reinforced during the passing years 
until now the United Mission numbers, including wives, thirty mis- 
sionaries. Their names, the year of arrival in Japan, the number 
of years in the service of the Board, and their mission connection 
previous to the Merger, are given below. For the sake of refer- 
ence, Drs. Scherer, Peery and Brown, no longer connected with the 
Mission, are also included. 


Dra ANG eV ESety Garey DCHETCT Lt. wae n= 1892-1896 U. Synod 
DPeeand rece teers COL Vite ccc ake piety oas 1892-1903 U. Synod 
Dr. and Mrs. Charles L. Brown ....... 1898-1916 U. Synod 
Rey; and Mrs Jo 3M TT) (Winther oro... 1898-1919 Danish 
Dr sand 1 CS. soe ema) DEO Stent gs ele in « 1900-1919 U. Synod 
Revenant smc) se Lirewolte. sa ae. 1905-1919 U. Synod 
TeV, cand ei teen os Gomer i. ees. s 1907-1919 U. Synod 
Rev. and Mrs. Frisby D. Smith ........ 1908-1919 Council 
Revisandemvirsa J. Peo Nielsenh at. canl. sor. 1909-1919 Danish 
Rev. and Mrs. Edward T. Horn ........ 1911-1919 Council 
Rey. and + Mrs Gaws Hepnerisi8 . boc. 1912-1919 U. Synod 
MissavMiartnag bo. AKATCs. .esy. ste ca. 2. 1913-1919 U. Synod 
Miss: Marve-bous.Bowersy®@. eis 5 1913-1919 U. Synod 
Revi-andaMirs<John ek. inn’ .6 2.0: 4 <. 1915-1919 Council 
Revo andemiraer MeaM: eKinnsal, ct. desc: 1916-1919 Council 
Rev. and Mrs. S. O. Thorlaksson ...... 1916-1919 Council 
mevicand ywMeeislaG,. Myabacht). 23d. asi 1916-1919 Danish 
Rev. and Mrs. Clarence E. Norman ....1917-1919 Council 
Miss) MandesO: Powlds ae. Sede). fone. 1918-1919 U. Synod 


Miss Annie bP, Powlaseuieuw, aac. bite. : 1919-1919 U. Synod 


. 


58 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


With the increase of missionaries came also. increased contribu- 
tions for the work and general expansion to the limit of .the funds 
allowed. From Saga the work of the Missions spread to Kumamoto, 
Kurume, Omuta, Hakata, Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Toyohashi, Shim- 
onoseki, Moji, and a number of the smaller towns and villages. dot- 
ting the surrounding country. The cities mentioned above, apart from 
near-by towns and villages, represent. a population of 5,500,000 
people. 

The church should know the equipment with which the mission- 
aries must do their work. A Government that ignored the equip- 
ment of its soldiers engaged in war, a business. firm that paid scant 
attention to the facilities with which its agents were expected to 
extend the company’s business, would soon come to ruin. A list 
of the larger stations, and certain smaller ones that have some 
equipment follows: 


Saga, (85,000); mission home, chapel, kindergarten building. 

Ogi, (10,000); kindergarten building. 

Kurume, (40,000); chapel. 

Omuta, (40,000); No property. 

Kumamoto, (70,000); Mission home, chapel, large boys’ school, be-. 
ginnings of a Seminary. 

Hakata, (80,000); Mission home, chapel, kindergarten building, an- 
other home provided for. 

Hiida, (10,000); small property for chapel. 

Moji, (40,000) ; No property 

Shimonoseki, (40,000); No property 

Osaka, (1,700,000) ; No property 

Nagoya, (500,000) ; No property 

Toyohashi, (?); No property 

Tokyo, (2,500,000) ; No property* 

*The mission in Tokyo conducts a thriving boys’ dormitory. in rented 
property. The work was begun by the Council Board and still con- 
tinues with encouraging results. 


The cost of the property here listed was approximately $175,000. 
Its market value to-day is not less than $225,000. The number of 
Lutherans in all these stations is 700 or 800. 

The name of the United Synod, South, was linked with the Japan 
work before the Merger, in a peculiar way, because this mission was 
the only foreign child of the Southern Synods, because they had 
been giving loyal support for the past ten years, and because al- 
most the whole physical equipment in Japan is found in the stations 
of the former United Synod. One reason for the popularity of the 
Merger idea in the South has been the feeling that now a stronger 
arm certainly will be stretched across the ocean to claim Japan for 
Christ. Not that the Southern Church itself has dreamed of do- 
ing less, but that others can and will do more. 


HARVEST: FIELDS ABROAD 59 


AT WORK. 


When the new missionary arrives in Japan his great problem is 
how to express himself. He who would win Japan for Christ must 
seek first a speaking acquaintance with the native tongue. Work in 
English can be effective only to a very limited degree. 

After two years of concentration on the language, the mission- 
ary begins to assume some responsibility for a “preaching place” 
or other form of work. This means. that he begins to work with 
a Japanese pastor or evangelist and occasionally delivers a wee bit 
of a sermonette. From this time forward he makes rapid progress 
and at the end of his fourth year regains a large measure of the 
self respect which he lost in his missionary childhood. He now 
feels like a real man, since he is able to look the native in the eye 
and say a few things in the native’s own tongue. 


PROBLEMS. 


But this new Missionary no sooner discovers himself than he dis- 
covers something else. He cannot stifle the cry of his soul to 
get out among the people and preach, teach, preach. Yet he is al- 
ready aware that his work cannot be effective and enduring unless 
there go with him and work with him one or more good Japanese 
evangelists. Mission work in Japan demands the presence of the 
native co-workers, if there is to be real success. But where are 
these co-workers to come from? This was and is the problem for 
our missionaries in Japan. In years past satisfactory candidates 
for the ministry have been few, because Lutherans have never been 
able to push the Japan work in such a way as to attract the loyalty 
of many strong young Japanese. 

The missionaries of the United Synod reached the crisis in 1906, 
after 14 years of bitter struggle, and made an appeal that touched 
the heart of the Southern Church. Then a forward step was taken 
that gave the Lutherans of Japan the only real hope they ever had. 
An excellent boys’ school was founded and the beginnings of a Sem- 
inary. The tonic effects of the new enterprise on the whole Mission 
and the Japanese co-workers cannot be over-estimated. A new lease 
of life was given the Lutheran Church in Japan. The General Coun- 
cil Board, just entering Japan, joined the Southern Board in finan- 
cial assistance, and both the Council and the United Danish Church 
co-operated in supplying the necessary foreign teaching force for 
the new school. 

The Boys’ school is always overflowing with nearly 600 in at- 
tendance. But the Seminary has only 12 students at present. This 
is far better than ever before, but the great problem is not yet 
solved. There should be 8 or 10 Japanese workers to every mission- 
ary. As it is, we have scarcely one. What is the matter? From 
the side of the Mission and the Home Church the matter is that 


60 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


we have only the beginnings of a Seminary. There is no hope 
for a Japanese Lutheran ministry until the Seminary is established 
on a firm foundation. The present plant represents an investment 
of only $3,000. 

The man who will give $100,000 to build and equip a Lutheran 
Theological Seminary in Japan will do a most blessed work. 

The United Mission in Japan, composed of all the missionaries 
of the former General Council, United Danish Church, and United 
Synod, met in March, 1919, at’ Hakata, and there formulated a Com- 
prehensive Policy outlining what should be the Mission’s develop- 
ment during the next ten years. 

The plan calls fér an increase of 23 missionary families and 26 
single ladies; it appeals for the building and proper equipment of 
a good Seminary, and a Girls’ School. 

Thirty-two churches and chapels of first, second and third grade 
are asked for. 

Seven homes for missionaries are requested at once, and thirteen 
others as the force increases to the limits above mentioned. 

Completion and expansion of the Boys’ School, ten kindergartens, 
one Primary School, a Students’ Dormitory at Tokyo, and a Colony 
of Mercy, close the list. This is a ten year program that will 
challenge the faith of the Church. Approximately half this pro- 
gram is provided for in the five year estimates on another page. 

These are not the figures of men gone mad, but the sober con- 
clusions of conservative Lutheran missionaries, surrounded on one 
side by those who are doing ever larger things for Japan and on 
the other by the gathering forces of heathenism and the necessity to 
strike a more telling blow. The time to begin the ten year pro- 
gram is now. 

A commision from one of the great Boards in this country that 
visited their many fields in the East sometime ago, came home snd 
printed these words: 

“If our Mission in Japan were a stationary or declining one then 
it might be well just to let it die out, but so far from this be- 
ing the case, there is no field in all the world whose needs and op- 
portunities alike are more compelling.” 

The Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church 
invites to serious thought and speedy action all those who believe 
that the Far East should have a place in the Kingdom of God. 


CHARLES L. BROWN. 























EQuaren 
























































UTERO mEPeAPRIC ON _ 


age REC CARS OLN IS, 
ive, 
fa 








































i 
/ | / 4 

























tH 


SOUTH AMERICA 

















SCALES 
STATUTE MILES ‘84 = 1 INCH 
OVI PP PPP KF 
oe 

















NEW AMSTERDAM AND BUENOS AIRES 














ARE 3,000 MILES APART 





CONGREGATION AT ITUNI, BRITISH GUIANA 





GROUP OF INDIAN MEN AT ITUNI, BRITISH GUIANA 





EBENEZER CHURCH, NEW AMSTERDAM 


SOUTH AMERICA 


HIS is “the neglected continent” or “the continent that had a 
po bad start”. But it is not too late to come to its rescue. The 

United Lutheran Church has two stations in widely separ- 
ated parts of the country, one in British Guiana and the other in 
Buenos Ayres, Argentina. It is our business to fill in the interven- 
ing space with scores of other stations. 

The new commercial interest that is awakening in the United 
States toward South America is not surprising when we stop to 
consider the vast possibilties in the Southern Continent for the de- 
velopment and accumulation of wealth. The stories of travellers about 
the vast expanse of grazing land, the numerous herds of cattle and 
flocks of sheep, the mining possibilities, and general commercial 
outlook, compel the attention of every thinking person. ‘Take this 
sentence as a sample: “All day and all night one travels on a fast 
train from Mendoza to Buenos Ayres over an almost absolutely flat 
plain, except for one low range of mountains near the Western side. 
For a hundred and seventy-five miles the railway runs without a 
turn or twist in the track, and then. only one curve for another 
hundred miles, and all this journey is across a wheat field, either 
already cultivated or waiting for the plough. And what one sees 
here is only a fraction of the two hundred and forty millions of 
acres of Argentina wheat lands which, together with her pastures, 
constitute the wealth of the republic.” 

But Argentina is only one of the fourteen countries South of us. 
All of these taken together have 200,000 square miles more than 
the whole of North America. Brazil alone is larger than the United 
States excepting Alaska. 

The people of this Southland are 80,000,000 strong, and are usu- 
ally divided as follows: 


SGT EES eautp prt i BN eS AAC ra ik Pn 18,000,000 
Prithla sis ree Te Atte eines ee tere woe core ats Ss phone 17,000,000 
IN OP TOGE eet teeters erie AEH thy PRE, oe a a boots 6,000,000 
NETS Vani emi) CVTRCLLA TY fee neers ener. ca 30,000,000 
Mixed White and Negro .......... Oe oT amr 0 8,000,000 
MixetlemeceroennuLindiati toe. atte). Nel < laew h< 700,000 
East Indian, Japanese and Chinese ............. 300,000 

80,000,000 


There are some who have doubted the wisdom of mission work 
in South America, because the country is supposed to be occupied 
by the Roman Catholic Church. But what are the facts? No coun- 
try is more heathen. The density of ignorance and the depth of 


64 - HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


immorality are startling to any man who thinks. Here is the diag- 
nosis of conditions as presented by Dr. Robert E. Speer: 

“(1.) The moral condition of South America warrants and de- 
mands the presence of the force of evangelical religion in a country 
where from one-fourth to one-half of the births are illegitimate and 
where male chastity is unknown. (2.) The Protestant missionary 
enterprise with its stimulus to education and its appeal to the ra- 
tional nature of man is required by the intellectual needs of South 
America. (3.) Protestant missions are justified in order to give 
the Bible to South America. (4.) Protestant missions are justi- 
fied by the character of the Roman Catholic priesthood. (5.) The 
Roman Church has not given the people Christianity. It offers them 
a dead man, and not a living Savior. (6.) The Catholic Church 
has steadily lost ground; the priests are reviled and derided; re- 
ligion is abandoned by men to priests and women. (7.) Protestant 
missions may inspire and compel self-cleansing in the South Amer- 
ican Catholic Church. (8.) Only the Protestant religion, free from 
superstition, reformed, Scriptural, apostolic, can meet the needs of 
South America.” | | 

If there is any part of the Protestant Church that has a call to 
South America it is the Lutheran Church; for all through that South- 
land are more descendants of the Lutheran faith than any other 
Church. “In fact, there is not a State or island of this vast domain 
where our people are not found as sheep without a shepherd.” In 
some cases the home church has followed its members, so that 
here and there are well established Lutheran churches. The Mis- 
souri Synod has eighty-three congregations among the Germans in 
Brazil and Argentina. But these established Lutheran congrega- 
tions are doing little toward the evangelization of the natives. 

It would seem that our duty is clear enough. First, there is the 
large native population to be reached with the Gospel; then if 
some of the immigrated Germans and Scandinavians could be awak- 
ened to see their own spiritual needs and their missionary obliga- 
tions toward those around them, their wealth and cooperation would 
count much, for the Christianization of the Continent. 


BRITISH GUIANA 


British Guiana is on the north coast of South America and is 
ruled by a Governor appointed by the British Crown. The area of 
the country is 90,000 square miles and the population about 300,000. 
The aborigines were Carib, Narow, Wapisana and Arowak Indian 
tribes, of whom some 13,000 still remain. 

For the purpose of cheap labor African slaves were imported by 
the Europeans who settled in Guiana. They were freed in 1834. 
Their descendants number to-day 145,000. Large numbers of East 
Indians also came into the country, whose descendants to-day are es- 
timated at 125,000. 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 65 


LUTHERANS .. 


In 1734 the Dutch Lutherans founded a Church at New Amster- 
dam. The congregation was self supporting from the start, but 
maintained ecclesiastical connection with the State Church of Hol- 
land. From 1846 to 1872 the Lutherans seem to have lost control 
and the Wesleyan Missionary Society administered the work. From 
1875 the congregation came again under the leadership of a Lu- 
theran pastor, the Rev. J. R. Mittelholtzer. He served the congre- 
gation for 38 years. 

In 1889 the Church vestry made application to the East Penn- 
sylvania Synod for admission to that body. The request was granted 
in 1890 and the name of the pastor, Rev. J. R. Mittelholtzer was 
entered on the clerical list of the Synod. Pastor Mittelholtzer died 
August 22, 1918. Of him it. is written: ‘Zealous to extend the 
blessings of the Gospel among the aborigines, he planted five mis- 
sions among them. To these and to the mother Church, Ebenezer, 
he gave his undivided attention.” 

In 1915, the work at New Amsterdam and along the Berbice River 
‘was committed to the Board of Foreign Missions of the General 
Synod. The New Amsterdam charge consists of the Ebenezer, St. 
Paul’s and Mt. Hermon churches, and the out-stations of Mt. Car- 
mel and Bethesda. The total membership is 364. The membership 
of the congregations is composed of descendants of “those who in 
early times came to the colony and are the result of the combining 
of the various races. In New Amsterdam they are almost entirely 
colored and black, and in the other churches and out-stations they 
are colored and aborigines.” 

An interesting feature of the Guiana work is that thus far it 
has been largely: self-supporting. The church at New Amsterdam 
was endowed many years ago. “The funds amount to $20,000 and 
are administered by the Colonial Government in trust for the con- 
gregation. Besides this there is an old plantation of 200 acres, which 
in former times was a source of income; two lots of considerable 
value of 100 acres; a three acre lot in New Amsterdam near our 
church building; in addition, the out-stations are equipped with 
modest buildings for school and church purposes.” 

But the income from the property thus described hardly suf- 
fices to care for the work as developed to date. In addition the 
Board must make an annual grant of $1,200. Further expansion 
will have to be provided for by funds from America. The Board’s 
grant is expended as follows: 


Towardsmissionary e*Salary ree rns. 260. 8. KPO. $300.00 
New? Amsterdam Schoolsnet hi te BPA. Os. She e00i00 
St. LasteSchool 7ii0 Ah te. bgt EE AY 200.00 
Ttuni Schools. LNs aN OPP: OS ST Pe. BE: 200.00 


East lndiatCatechist te AAS. I. Fn FRE? 300.00 


66 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


The elementary school work for the children is most interesting 
and fruitful. Missionary White says that the children have re- 
markable memories and fine voices. They can answer to any ex- 
amination in the Catechism and can sing our Sunday school songs. 
in a wonderful way. 

The first missionaries to British Guiana sent by the General Synod. 
Board were the Rev. and Mrs. Ralph J. White. They reached New 
Amsterdam January 20, 1916. After nearly three years of faithful 
and efficient service they returned to the United States in 1918 for 
a brief furlough. They left New York the second time for South 
America on May 28, and arrived at New Amsterdam June 16, 1919. 

The immediate plans of the Board contemplate the sending of a 
second missionary at an early date. The Rev. Meade Augustus Rugh 
has been called to the work and it is expected that he will be able 
to sail in December, 1919. 

Thus it is evident that the United Board of Foreign Missions has 
a good start in British Guiana. But it is only a start. What. 
shall be done with the tens of thousands of East Indians, African de- 
scendants, Chinese, Portugese and aborigines? The Board can do 
only what the Church makes possible. 


ARGENTINA. 


The Republic of Argentina is half the size of the United States, 
occupies all the lower end of South America, and in some re- 
spects is the most prosperous and progressive of all the Southern 
Republics. Here we find the Mesopotamia of the Western world, 
an area larger than all England covered entirely with rich grasses: 
capable of sustaining unlimited flocks and herds. Its great city, 
is Buenos Ayres, with a population of nearly 2,060,000. This means: 
that the world has only seven cities larger than Buenos Ayres. It. 
is the largest Spanish speaking city in all the world, and the largest. 
city but one of the Latin races. 

The beginnings of our Lutheran work in Buenos Ayres must be 
traced back to year 1908, when the Home Mission Board supported 
by the Woman’s Society of the General Synod, sent the Rev S. D. 
Daugherty, D.D. to Argentina to investigate conditions there. Con- 
cerning their experiences, Mrs. Daugherty writes: 

“Finding opportunity for work among the Scandinavians of Buenos: 
Ayres, a congregation of about one hundred members was gath- 
ered, which later was cared for by Rev. J. R. Enger, who was sent 
out by the Home Board. An English-Spanish Sunday school of more: 
than one hundred members in Buenos Ayres, an English-speaking 
mission with Sunday and day schools in the suburb of Caseros, and’ 
Spanish work in the suburb of Santos Lugares, were caried on by Dr. 
Daugherty. Work was also begun in the City of Rosario. 

“In 1912 the work was discontinued. History has but repeated 
itself in this enterprise, as in many another pioneer undertaking. 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 67 


A vision of the needs and Lutheran responsibility in South Ameri- 
ca was given to two servants of God—the now sainted Kate Boggs 
Shaffer and our pioneer missionary on the field. The great Protes- 
tant Church of North America, including our own Lutheran bodies,’ 
are but now catching that vision.” 

In this great city to-day lives one lone missionary of the United 
Lutheran Church. 

Previous to the organization of the United Lutheran Church in 
1918, there had been in existence for two years the Pan-Lutheran 
Missionary Society for Latin America. The existence of this So- 
ciety was due to the earnest desire on the part of certain Lutheran 
brethren that the Lutheran Church of America should organize an 
aggressive missionary propaganda in the Southern Continent. In 
1916, a provisional Board was created and funds were solicited to 
push the work. The Declaration of Principles adopted by this Vol- 
untary Society clearly specify that the Board thus created was to 
hold and conduct the work, “until at least three of our now so- 
called General Bodies shall federate to take charge of the same.” 

The entrance of America into the World War greatly handicapped 
the Pan-Lutheran Society in the execution of its plan, so that when 
the work was transferred to the United Board subsequent to the 
Merger only one missionary had gone forth to represent the Society. 

The missionary referred to is the Rev. Efraim Ceder, who sailed 
from New York on January 7, 1917. Mr. Ceder is still in Buenos 
Ayres, and is holding fast heroically until the United Board can ar- 
range for reinforcements. At present Mr. Ceder is assisted by 
Rev. Mr. Hallberg, who has been in South America many years, and 
speaks Spanish fluently. He was formerly connected with the Eng- 
lish Sailors’ Home at Rosario, north of Buenos Ayres. 

The Board has called the Rev. Dr. E. H. Mueller to proceed to 
Buenos Ayres at once as our third missionary. Dr. and Mrs. Muel- 
ler are due to leave New York in December, 1919. 

Missionary Ceder had not been long on the field before he was 
able to organize a congregation of one hundred Swedes. To these 
he administered faithfully during the trying days of the war. His 
great desire has been to organize into working congregations these 
brethren of the same household of faith, and to interest them in 
the work of evangelizing the Spanish speaking peoples. Mr. Ceder 
has arranged that the care of the Swedish congregation be trans- 
ferred to a Swedish pastor likely to be sent from Europe, so that 
he may give his entire time to work in Spanish. 


A Mission Hall has been rented in the suburb Villa del Parque until 
more satisfactory equipment can be arranged. Thus it is only 
too apparent that as yet the United Lutheran Church has a very small 
work in Argentina. Our missionary has no equipment whatever, not 
even the necessary literature for the work of his Sunday schools. 
As a temporary measure, the Board is sending $200 per month to 


68 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


defray all expenses apart from Missionary Ceder’s salary. The Board 
can pursue no other course until the friends of South America come 
to the Board’s assistance. The Buenos Ayres field was transferred 
-to the Board after the Finance Committee of the United Church had 
fixed the Budget for Foreign Missions. It is hoped that many 
liberal contributions in excess of the budget approved by: the Finance 
Committee will enable the Board to go forward in its South Amer- 
ican field. | 

The deliberations of the Panama Congress and thorough investi- 
gations of South American conditions have led to emphasis on cer- 
tain principles that should govern mission work among these Latin 
Republics. 

First, there must be the training of a native ministry. Anglo 
Saxon missionaries cannot do the work that should be done. 

Second, there must be buildings that attract, not repel, the beauty- 
loving South American. Worship in a rented hall on some back 
street greatly handicaps the work. 

Third, not only Christian preaching but also Christian service is 
demanded. The average South American is not interested in what 
he would call a new Sect. He looks for an application of the ser- 
mon. He says “Teach us a religion that exalts life and service and 
we will accept it.” 

CHARLES L. BROWN. 


A Financial Statement of the Board of Foreign 


Missions 


By THE TREASURER, L. B. WOLF 


tion of the United Lutheran Church, met for its first time, 


qe Board of Foreign Missions, as constituted at the Conven- 


December 12, 1918. The treasurers of the various Boards contin- 
ued their work until instructed by the Board to hand over the accounts 


on January 1, 1919. 


The Missions under the new Board had submitted budgets, which, 
in due course, were sanctioned. The following is a statement, of 
the budget estimates for the various fields, for the year beginning 


January 1, 1919, and ending December 31, 1919. 


Budget for 1919 


INDIA 

THE GUNTUR MISSION: 
Salaries, Foreign Missionaries .............. $15,500.00 
Vraveling) toyandetrom field <2 7... 025.3... 9,000.00 
BuUdveL cOreinas VecCnDenses fo. ee ee ree ce 50,000.00 
New missionaries under appointment ........ 39,900.00 
To make good loss by exchange ............ 8,000.00 

THE RAJAHMUNDRY MISSION: 
Salaries, Foreign Missionaries .............. $17,350.00 
General Budget for all Purposes ............ 45,200.00 
Support of Breklum Mission ................ 12,000.00 
To make good loss by exchange ............. 6,800.00 
Sundry, ang veiscellancouss 1725s ses i aod sees 20,000.00 
Traveling fo -and rom * field too. s ccees oe ewes 7,300.00 

JAPAN 

GENERAL COUNCIL FIELD: 
Salamegese Missionaries «446.15 ees ells so en $10,300.00 
Cree de Ce Ca Ts Pega he te 7,100.00 
Undonsernvexpenses: oo. oe ee ay cas soe spin 2,000.00 
CeAvelinwai en ng leon tel tk. ci. icc ic ous 2,000.00 


$137,400 


$118,650 


$ 21,400 


70 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


UNITED SYNOD IN THE SOUTH: 





SalariesiGl 2 MISSIONATICS so chi af pathos ate ees $11,500.00 
General Bud oetes via ice oc thats er ete eee tee 14,100.00 
Unforseen expenses .....). wets ress terete es 2,000.00 
‘Lraveling torand fron otne se lGeae sarees 3,000.00 
— $ 30,600 
AFRICA 
Salaries: of) Missionaries’: = v7. ewe veeeeee cai oe $10,500.00 
Travelingto-and qirom field otc; 2. te. wee 5,000.00 
Genéral “Budgetor en. 2: teas weet, Oe meinen 12,500.00 
Missionaries under appointment ............. 2,000.00 
$ 30,000 
SOUTH AMERICA 
BRITISH GUIANA: (Estimated, in absence of budget) 
Missionaries. salaries #a.4)0.. ete eee eee $ 8,500.00 
Budget s425.353 8. kT ee eg eee 2,000.00 
Traveling to and*fromefeld=s. 2.) sare oe 1,500.00 
ContinuationsSchoole: es ere nee coe 1,000.00 
———— $ 8,000 
ARGENTINA: (Estimated, in absence of budget) 
Bud getierc ae neie oe ie oe tener eee Smee en $ 8,000.00 
Salarlegir sr sien teen ohana tae eee ee 5,000.00 
Unforseen expenses ...... 2 LTS ES ORL cere, 8,000.00 
——— $ 11,000 
HOME BASE EXPENSES 
Secretarial “Salaries. 7s... 2+ <0 sete ee ee $ 9,000.00 
Traveling expenses of secretarial staff ...... 2,800.00 
Clerk ; Hiteiae Suva of cs 5 < oye Berra ee 2,900.00 
Phone andifelegrams...02.....-).5 quieren ae 300.00 
OfficesSupplids 37 os 2.2, Uae ou ae ee 1,000.00 
Literature aye Gio cucc oe ok ee eee 5,000.00 
Rents +. Qa: fhe Bn ce ee A a cee eee 1,000.00 
Board Méetinesuc : ances ee ee 1,500.00 
. $ 238,500 
SUMMARY 
bey bE earranranr ee MAR ribet ee Aa oot mas mies Heke oy on $256,050.00 
J APAN | Sih Maphete tle alate ee ative s etenere tae ne 52,000.00 
Africae Se aes PERERA bee k Ue On eee 30,000.00 
South “America: $ac 5 58240505 See ee eee ee 19,000.00 
Home "Base*Hxpenses:< 3.5: s.: st: ar pia see 23,500.00 


Grand Total 2. Pok cee eee $369,950.00 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 71 


ESTIMATE FOR EXPANSION IN NExT FIVE YEARS. 


A careful review of our fields, during the last five years, have 
led to the following plan for expansion of the work. To one un- 
acquainted with the rapid growth of our missions, the following fig- 
ures may seem visionary. To those on the inside, and to our mis- 
sionaries, especially, the estimates of men and money are conserva- 
tive. Fuller details would not result in cutting them down, but 
rather in enhancing them. The total asked for expansion is $1,694,- 
250.00, which is modest when our vast opportunities and past suc- 
cesses are remembered. 

In India, with its growing church, its ingathering from the great 
middle classes, and its needs for closer supervision, $899,500.00, (or 
less than $200,000 a year for expansion) is the least possible figure 
that can be named. The Church ought to face its responsibility 
and rejoice that the rapid ingathering in India has made such ex- 
pansion imperative. 

When our Japan missionaries speak, it is with one voice to tell 
us how undermanned and underequipped is our Mission in this 
Empire. The work calls for $462,150.00, as a minimum advance for 
the next five years. We have not done business in a wise way. We 
have asked men too often to make bricks without straw. The time 
is come when we must put an end to this narrow policy. 

No appeal is stronger than our call for advance in the sister Re- 
public of Liberia. Our missionaries are insistent that we go for- 
ward in the expansion of our work. We cannot expect rapid growth, 
but we can become, through wise strategy now, the great evangeliz- 
ing force in this little Republic. The struggles of our past mission- 
aries, the sacrifices they have made, we are quite sure will not be 
unheeded by the members of our Church. $88,000.00, the sum named, 
is, we know, insignificant. 

Our new fields call, in the nature of the case, for advance. We 
have occupied the British Guiana field about three years. We have 
just started in the great Republic of Argentina. As we said of Ja- 
pan, so we must say of South America, we are not giving straw 
to our missionaries. We must equip them. The $175,000.00 called 
for during the next five years must be mainly for equipment and 
new missionaries. South America, not only in these two fields, but 
in other parts, presents a most challenging field for North American 
Lutheranism. We have opportunities in Brazil, in Chili, and in 
other Republics in this great South-land continent—opportunities 
that no other Church can have. Shall we meet them? 


~) 
bo 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 
INDIA 


GUNTUR FIELD 


Missionaries: 


25 married men (5 each year) average service 2% 


Vears 2s wana. beh. peo eG Lee aaa @ $ 1,500..$ 98,750.00 
15 single missionaries (women) average service 2% 
Vearsuctete es -cek hades betas. SATS... @ 600.. 22,500.00 
65 persons traveling expenses to field ....@ A400.. 26,000.00 
65. 0utht:*allow ances ae... -. eee ee eee @ £0 Ose 6,500.00 
Buildings: 
8 New Stations Bngalows (double) ..... @ $10,000..$ 80,000.00 
8" Station Churches 2 eee ee ee ee @ 5,000. 40,000.00 
4 New Station School Houses for Boys ..@  3,000.. 12,000.00 
4 New Station School Houses for Girls ..@ 38,000.. 12,000.00 
- 20 New Prayer Houses in 8 Taluks ....@ 500.. 80,000.00 
400 New School Houses in Villages 50 to a Taluk 
@ 100. 40,000.00 
Motor Cars for Mission Touring’... 0.2.1. fr aa A 6,000.00 
Schdol ‘for thes Blindsctw . SAI Baie eee ee. es 5,000.00 
10. Hill Bungalows Wes see 2) eee ie. eee @ AeA {000F. 49,000.00 
1 Dispensary in each of 7 Taluks ....@ 4,000.. 28,000.00 
Increase in General Budget ............ @ 18,000... 40,000.60 
band: Purchaseass. Sseasn ait ¢ Stee ARS a8 eee 20,000.90 


$ 551,750.00 


RAJAHMUNDRY FIELD 


Missionaries: 
15 married men, average service 2% yrs. @ $ 1,500..$ 56,250.00 
10 single women, average service 214 yrs. @ 600.. 15,000.00 
45 persons traveling expenses to field ....@ 400.. 18,000.00 
Qathtrea lowances: pees. 23 ae ee eee ee @ 100.. 4,500.00 

Buildings: 
5 New Station Bungalows (double) ..... @ $ 8,000..$ 40,000.00 
5 “New station Churches), . 21.0 > ae @  5,000.. 25,000.00 
New Church*at7Rajanmund ry oreo tetra te eee 20,000.00 
Hospital Chapel soon tees ote een ee, ee 2,000.00 
NewChurch* at: -Dowlaishwardam' 2). ert 8,000.00 
Boarding schoolssatestations =.) ce stiel ener 10,000.00 
Boys’ Boarding School; Bhimawaram «>............ 8,000.00 
Hostel’ Boarding Schools Bhimawaram =...) 7. 3,000.00 


Girls’ Boarding School; *Samulkot) 2. -- ane 10,000.00 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 73 


Training School for Masters, Rajahmundry ........ 5,000.00 
Bible Women’s Training School, Rajahmundry ....... 15,000.00 
Theological Seminary, Rajahmundry ................ 7,900.00 
Christian Home for Women, Rajahmundry ........ 7,000.00 
Reading and Lecture Hall, Rajahmundry ............ 5,000.00 
Reinting Officerand Book. Bindery ....4¢-2<o.++5e:3> 3,000.00 
2 Dispensaries at Rajahmundry and Dowlaishwaram .. 6,000.00 
40 Prayer Houses of Worship in District @ $ 500.. 20,000.00 
100 Village School Houses <..........20/ 2. @ LOO0se 10,000.00 
PU POINONUGSGRL Ole MISSION’ WOLKad. os ot atcad cee cle B ks odes 6,000.00 
HeeCHAION Ot MVMOINEN Se W OLK acts 0. cies Fas See's es sealer atu 10,000.00 
Pa riaand = Gncen vine An GOONS a. 62.0 «14s oyeae hts no, 0 10,000.00 
Penrense POUMOUOCE LEIP EIVG LY CATS ©. ivi. sce ec ee 55 24,000.00 


$ 347,750.00 


JAPAN. 
Missionaries: 


18 Missionaries with their wives, average service 


Ba VC MEECIO TE cpt PS A ase ako ok wo sheck c 3 @ $ 1,500..$ 48,750.00 

16 Single Missionaries, average service 2% years 
ae @ 7002 28,000.00 
raven; LOsield,u4e 1 PeTSONS siesicie cess 3 > @ 350.. 14,700.00 
Outfit Allowance, 42 persons ......:..... @ LOO 4,200.00 

Buildings: 

6 Missionaries’ Homes, incliding land sv. 0.00027. &. 55,500.00 
TEND Sayaaa eh Rey FERTTG Ded OUv GA Ee EUG yee eet A alae a a a 25,000.00 
PeMCIONPE ATE BANC SD UIGIN OSs wo. 8 oo ck eele 6 0 4 68% O48 15,000.00 
eevee LOM aT ILC S va. ols cus cit teeic a0 he ct ate 15,000.00 
UNGrOape eels cer reny cree ee enka: @ 10,000.. 50,000.00 
TE ATS CB SENT ATE Leer eg Pe) ag ee 22,000.00 
UCN TOE INIAS COUN ME HER ose iara: Ad 5 sore whe so 4 se o 0 oe cote 20,000.00 
Diner e sous DULdMmromerats. .Luciions| . carionensell 10,000.00 
BANOLOArEeTIOINGULA "(Gl Yo ss cites sat Poa Te Coes eee 15,000.00 
Unc b Ted CRED ged BO Re a ale i eA eet Pa ae Aa 14,000.00 
First Building for Theological School .............. 25,000.00 


EES GS Pa SUS 1 Ea pe fala ar A 100,000.00 


$ 462,150.00 


74 HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


AFRICA 
Missionaries: 


10 Married Missionaries, average service 24% years 
@ $ 1,200..$ 30,000.00 


5 Single Missionaries (women), average service 2% 


VWEATS sis FA Vees pee bat ke eee reteiee @ 600.. 7,500.00 
Travelling to field, 25 persons ......... @ 350.. 8,700.00 
Outht= Allowance Ve ssa stie hae ok ete @ 100%% Sev22,500500 

Buildings: 
5 INGW Oba trOls. rr ese Glee remens Onee ame @ 4,000.. 20,000.00 
10 School Houses, 5 for Boys & 5 for Girls @ 2,000... 20,000.00 


$ 88,700.00 


SOUTH AMERICAN FIELD 
BRITISH GUIANA 
Missionaries: 
5 Married Missionaries (10 persons) average service 


26 SV CALS ys ois ie a stale © + oaereie Wenta ve rent @ $ 1,500..$ 18,250.00 
3 Single Missionaries (women) average service 21% 

VEATS OE CE ne oe @ 600.. 4,500.00 
Travelling to field (13 persons) ........ @ 300.. 3,900.00 
Outfit Allowance (13 persons) ......... @ LOU0as 1,300.00 

Buildings: 
3 rouses, foreDwellinges,. ona ee @ 4,000... 12,000.00 
3 School; Building sien... ee eee ee eee @iaeL,000T 3,000.00 
3= Churches sacsern rset or eect eee ee reas (ae, U002r 6,000.00 
Continuation-School Buildings we san ie ee ee 10,000.00 
Incréase Riri bud? ete ets ee ee a 2, 0007s 10,000.00 

$ 68,900.00 
ARGENTINA 

Missionaries : 
10 Married Missionaries (20 persons) average service 

2° YOATSs Eos Peers se eee hee as @ $ 2,000..$ 50,000.00 
5 Single Missionaries, (women), average service 2) 

VOARTS lala, ccs ee te ee Irate ae teen @) weal. 000i. 12,500.00 
Travelling Expenses (25 persons) ...... @ 500. . 12,500.00 
Budgets: cadssiams eee ince. eee nee @ 10,000.. 50,000.00 

Buildings: 
School and ‘Chipsch sRutloin oS is ct. eee ene 50,000.00 


$ 175,000.00 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 75 


Expansion Summary 


INDIA 

ECU hs LTD oo yo, Sea 09 eee $ 551,750.00 

[SC pe araahebekebde? IC Sng BSS AE eee aoe ns 347,750.00 
JAPAN 

UB Ye ME A os ocr cesyen! ae dei a Ie ROO R Ra a ea 462,150.00 
AFRICA 

APPiCt ee Ge Vitnlenpere es MISSION) fies oh ss oe eae 88,700.00 


SOUTH AMERICA 


PSG ache Tae TETHER GLY DOVE Mls OPO SRS Oe ae ter en 68,900.00 
Argontiniag Wield ig. (oo. . aes ol. ees care GR eee 175,000.00 


CED BS UO OM bes add na Re ean ae a $1,694,250.00 
















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3. 


LIST OF MISSIONARIES 
| I. INDIA. 


(The figures in parenthesis indicate date of arrival and end of service.) 


1. THE GUNTUR MISSION 
FIRST PERIOD. . 1842-1849. 


From the Foundation to Union with the Rajahmundry Mission. 
Rev. Christian Frederick Heyer, M.D. (1842-1846; 1848-1855). 
Rev. Walter Gunn (1844. Died in India, 1851). 

Rev. George J. Martz (1849-1852). 


SECOND PERIOD. 1850-1869. 


From Union with the Rajahmundry Mission to Separation from the Rajahmundry 


Mission. 

4. Rev. Charles W. Groenning (1850-1858; 1860-1865). 

5. Rev. William J. Cutter (1852-1856). 

6. Rev. William E. Snyder (1852-1856; 1858—Died in India 1859). 
ts 


Rev. Urias Unangst, D.D. (1858-1896. Died in U. S. A. 1903). 


THIRD PERIOD. 1870-1918. 


From Separation from the Rajahmundry Mission to Union with the Rajahmundry 


Mission. 
ORDAINED MISSIONARIES. 
8. John H. Harpster, D.D., (1872-1901). 21. Allen O. Becker (1898-1915) 
9. L. L. Uhl, D.D. (1878-Still serving). 22. E. H. Mueller (1899-1919) 
10. A. D. Rowe (1874—Died in India, 28. Edwin C. Harris (1899-1909) 
1882). 24. Isaac Cannaday (1902 
11. Charles Schnure (1881-1885). 25. J. Roy Strock (1908 
12. Luther B. Wolf, D.D. (1883-1907). 26. M. Edwin Thomas (1908 
138. W. P. Schwartz (1885-1887). 27. Roy M. Dunkelberger (1909 
14. John Nichols (1886—Died in India, 28. Henry R. Spangler (1910 
1886). 29. John Finefrock (1911 
15. John Aberly, D.D. (1890 30. George R. Haaf (1912 
16. J. G. W. Albrecht, Ph.D. (1892-1919) 81. Harry E. Dickey (1914 
17. Noah E. Yeiser (1892-1898). 382. Carl Kemner (1915-1916) 
18. Samuel C. Kinsinger (1894—Died in 88. George Rupley (1915 
India, 1900). 84. John Graefe (1915 
19. Sylvester C. Burger (1898 85. Alfred Pfitsch, M.D. (1918 
20. Vietor McCauley, D.D. (1898 86. Harry Goedeke (1919 
WOMEN MISSIONARIES 
1. Kate Boggs (1881-1882) 13. Mary E. Lowe, (1903-Died in U. S. 
2. Anna S. Kugler, M.D. (1883 A., 1918) 
3. Fanine M. Dryden (1883-1894) 14. Elsie Reed Mitchell, M.D. (1903- 
4. Susan R. Kistler (1888-1895) 1917) 
5. Amy L. Sadtler (1890-Married, Dr. 15. J. H. Wunderlich (1907-1919) 
G. Albrecht, 1896) 16. Florence May Welty (1912 
6. Katharine Fahs (1894 17. Louisa A. Miller (1913 
7. Jessie Brewer (1894 18. Olga Brauer (1913-1915) 
8. Mary Baer, M.D. (1895 19. Tille E. Nelson (1914 
9. Anna E. Sanford (1895 20. Eleanor B. Wolf, M.D. (1914 
10. Mary Knauss (1895-1918) 21. Rebekah Hoffman (1914 
11. Ellen Barbara Schuff (1900 22. Florence M. McConnell (1914-1915) 
12. Jeanne L. Rolier (1903-1912) 23. Helen Brenneman (1915 


78 


10. 


sO 


13. 


14. 
15. 


16. 
ie 


18. 


oe 
20. 
21. 


wn 


OTP Tp 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


2. THE RAJAHMUNDRY MISSION 
FIRST PERIOD. 1844-1850. 
Under the North German Missionary Society 
Rev. Louis P. M. Valett. 3. Rev. Ferdinand August Heise. 


Rev. Charles William Groenning. 


SECOND PERIOD. 1850-1869. 


Under the Foreign Missionary Society of the General Synod 


Rev. Louis. P. M. Valett (1850) 6. Rev. William E. Snyder (1855-Died 
Rev. Ferdinand August Heise (1850- in India, 1856) 

1862) 7. Rev. Adam Long (1857-Died in In- 
Rev. W. J. Cutter (1852-1855) dia, 1866) 

Rev. Christian Frederick Heyer, Rev. Charles William Groenning 
M.D. (1855-1857) (1862-1865) 


THIRD PERIOD. 1869-1918. 
Under the General Council 
ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 
C. F. Heyer (1869-1870; died in 22. E. H. Mueller (1896-1899) 


Philadelphia, 18738) 23. P. Holler (1897-1901) 
Cc. F. J. Becker (1870-Died in In- 24. G. B. Matthews (1900-1901) 
dia, 1870) 25. Ernst Neudoerffer (1900 
Hans Christian Schmidt, ‘D.D. 26. John H. Harpster, D.D., (1902-Died 
(1870-1908, Died in India, 1911) on furlough, U. S. A., 1911) 
Iver K. Poulsen (1871-1888) 27. <A. S. Fichthorn, D.D. (1902-1904) 
A. B. Carlson (1879-Died in India. 28. Fred W. Wackernagel (1902-1907) 
1882) 29. Edward H. Trafford (1903-1908) 
H. G. B. Artman (1880-Died in In- 30. Karl L. Wolters (1904 
dia, 1884) 31. Oscar L. Larson (1906 
F. S. Dietrich (1883-Died in India, 32. O. O. Eckhardt (1906-1916) 
1889) , 33. T. R. Beussel (1910-1911) 
F. J. McCready (1884-1899) 34. Oscar V. Werner (1911 
William Groenning (1885-Died in 35. Fred W. Schaefer (1911-1913) 
India, 1889) 36. August F. A. Neudoerffer (1912 
E. Pohl (1889-1892; 1893-1897) 37. Thure A. Holmer (1912 
E. Edman (1890-1896; 1901-1903) 38. I. F. Witting (1912-1913) 
C. F. Kuder, D.D. (1891-1900; 1908- 89. Hiram H. Sipes, Jr. (1913-Studying 
1916) Theology in Philadelphia) 
Paul Baehnish (1893-1896) 40. Fred L. Coleman (1914 
Rudolph Arps (1893-1915) 41. Edwin A. Olson (1915 
H. E. Isaacson, D.D., (1898-Died in 42. Christian P. Tranberg (1915 
India, 1914) 43. W. F. Adolphsen (1919 


WOMEN MISSIONARIES 


Agnes I. Schade (1890 9. Julia Van der Veer, M.D. (1905- 
Kate L. Sadtler (1890-1902) Married E. Neudoerffer, 1907, died 
Charlotte Swenson (1895-Died in In- in India) 

dia, 1908) 10. Amy B. Rohrer, M.D. (1908-Married 
Lydia Woerner, M.D. (1899-1912) A. F. A. Neudoerffer in 1914) 
Martha Strempfer (1900-1902) 11. Betty A. Nilsson, M.D. (1908 
Emilie L. Weiskotten (1900 12. Sigrid Esberhn (1908 

Hedwig Wahlberg (1902-1908) 13. Margaret C. Haupt (1911-Married 


Susan E. Monroe (1902 O. V. Werner, 1912) 


14, 
15. 
16. 


17%. 


ee 


10. 
dtl 
12. 
13. 


Sots 


ee ee 


PARRY Np 


ap hag Noll a 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 79 


Agnes Christenson (1915 
Christina Eriksson (1915 
Charlotte B. Hollerbach (1915 
Hilma Levine (1915 

Eleanor A. Lange (1919 


Jacob Hiram Straw (1902-Died in 


Africa, 1913) 


Agatha Tatge (1911-1914; 1916 18. 
Mary S. Borthwick (1912 LOe 
Anna E. Rohrer (1915-Married E. 20. 
Neudoerffer, 1917) 212 
Virginia M. Boyer (1915 Pade 
II. LIBERIA, AFRICA 
MUHLENBERG MISSION. 
ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 
Morris Officer (1860-1861) 14. 
H. Heigard (1860-1864) 
J. Kistler (1863-1867) 15. 


J. M. Rice (1864-1865) 


S. P. Carnell (1869-Died in Africa, 16. 


1870) ie 
J. S. Breuninger (1873-1874) 18. 
David A. Day, D.D. (Died returning 19. 


to) Us Ss Al Dec. 
B. B. Collins (1875-1876) 


E. M. Hubler (1888-Died in Africa, VA 


1889) 22. 
George P. Goll (1888-1897) 23. 
August Pohlman, M.D. (1896-1902) 24, 
Wm. M. Beck (1896-1913) 25. 
J. D. Simon (1899-Died in Africa, 26. 

1901) 2ie 


1897) 20. 


Wm. R. Miller (1903-Died in Africa, 
1906) 

G. G. Parker (1906-1907) 

John K. Reed (1907-1909) 

Charles H. Brosius (1907 

Jens Christian Pedersen (1907-1916) 

Ephrem E. Neibel (1908-Died in Af- 
rica, 1912) 

Frank M. Traub (1911 

J. Daniel Curran (1911 

Grover C. Leonard (1913 

Eugene A. Ayers (19138-1917) 

Herman QO. Rhode (1914-1916) 

Charles E. Buschman (1916 

Jens Larsen (1919 


UNORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


Herman Vose (1877-1878) 4, 
(1900-1901) 5. 


A. J. Hesser, M.D. 
Dennis D. Swaney (1914-1916) 


Lewis A. Wenrick (1916 
C. H. Nielsen, M.D. (1919 


WOMEN MISSIONARIES 


Frances Davis (1895-1898) 10. 


Mary Van Leer (1898-1901) 


Sister Augusta Shaffer (1898-Mar- ik. 


ried Rev. A. Pohlman, 1899) 
Mrs. Anna E. Day (1898-1899) 1128 
_Amelie A. Klein (1901-1909) 
Ruth Garrett (1907-1909) 18. 
Lulu Mott Goodman (1907-1911) 14, 
Mrs. E. E. Neibel (1912-1913) 15. 


Louella Virginia Hesse 


(1909-Mar- 16. 
ried Rev. C. H. Brosius, Died in lif 


Sister Gertrude S. Temps, (1912- 
Married Rev. H. Rhode, in 1914) 
Gertrude Simpson (1912-1914. Mar- 
ried Rev. G. C. Leonard, in 1915) 
Jestia A. Moses (1914-Died return- 

ing to U. S., in 1915) 
Sister Laura Gilliland (1915 
Gertrude Rupp (1915 
Bertha Koenig (1916 
Mabel Dysinger (1917 
Sister Jennie Larmouth (1918 


JAPAN 


J. P. Nielsen (1909 

E. T. Horn (1911 

C. W. Hepner (1912 
John K. Linn (1915 
Michael M. Kipps (1916 
S. O. Thorlaksson (1916 
D. G. M. Bach (1916 


Africa, 1913) 
LT 
ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 

J. A. B. Scherer, D.D. (1892-1896) 9. 
R. B. Peery, D.D. (1892-1903) 10. 
Charles L. Brown, D.D. (1898-1916) a ale 
J. M. T. Winther (1898 12% 
C. K. Lippard (1909 13. 
A. J. Stirewalt (1905 14, 
L. S. G. Miller (1907 15>. 
Frisby D. Smith (1908 16. 


Clarence E. Norman (1917 


80 


bo 


HARVEST FIELDS ABROAD 


WOMEN MISSIONARIES 


Martha B. Akard (1918 8. Maude O. Powlas (1918 
Mary Lou Bowers (1913 4. Annie P. Powlas (1919 


IV. BRITISH GUIANA, SOUTH AMERICA 
Rev. Ralph J. White (1916 Rev. Meade A. Rugh (1920 


V. BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA 


Rev. S. D. Dougherty (1908-1912) 8. Rev. Efraim Ceder (1917 
Rev. J. R. Enger (1910-1911) 4. Rev. E. H. Mueller, D.D. (1920 


GEORGE DRACH. 





ERROR. 


The two bottom lines on page 53 should be at bottom of 
page 55. 





The Board of eae Wiions es he 
Subd Lutheran Church in America 


6or Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Md=—=——==== 


—— 





OFFICERS 


President: Rev. tee K. Bell, D.D. 
Vice-President: Rev. Prof. C. Theodore Benze, DD. 
Recording Secretary: Rev. George Drach 


Treasurer: Rev. L. B. Wolf, D.D. 
2” SECRETARIES 
Rev. Charles L. Brown, D.D.—Rev. George Drach—Rey. Luther B. 
Wolf, D.D. 


MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 


(Term Expires in 1924) 
Rev. Ezra K. Bell, D.D. Rev. seo C. Theodore Benze, - 
D 


JEN John A. Singmaster, 
D ; 


‘Ds: Mr. J ames M. Snyder 
Rev. Monroe J. Epting, D.D. Mr. William H. Menges. 
Rev. Reinhold C. G. Bielinski 

(Term Expires in 1922) 

Rev. John A. Weyl Mr. Henry P. Boyer, M.D. 
Rev. August Steimle, D.D. Mr. Matthias P. Méller 
Rev. Lewis C. Manges, D.D. Mr. Hezekiah L. Bonham. 

Jacob S. Simon, D.D. 


Rev. 


(Term Expires in 


1920) 


Rev. Michael M. Kinard, D.D. Mr. Wm. Fred Monroe 
Rev. John E. Byers Mr. Charles Baum, M.D. 
Rev. George A. Greiss Mr. Augustus J. Herrlich. 
Rev. William E. Frey 


Rev. Lars 


CO-OPERATING MEMBERS 


REPRESENTING THE SWEDISH AUGUSTANA SYNOD: 


G. Abrahamson, 


oe 
Prof. C. W. Foss, Ph.D. 


Rev. Fr. Jacobson, Ph.D. 


REPRESENTING THE UNITED DANISH CHURCH: 


Rev. V. W. Bondo - 


Rev. N. Julius Bing 


“ : 
REPRESENTING THE WOMEN’S MISSIONARY SOCIETY: 


Mrs. Charles Hay 


Po 


Miss Mary A. Miller. 





